Microstructural Parcellation Of The Human Cerebral Cortex

Author : Stefan Geyer
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 3642378242
Total Pages : 260 pages
Book Rating : 4.49/5 ( download)

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Download or read book Microstructural Parcellation of the Human Cerebral Cortex written by Stefan Geyer and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-07-04 with total page 260 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Unraveling the functional properties of structural elements in the brain is one of the fundamental goals of neuroscientific research. In the cerebral cortex this is no mean feat, since cortical areas are defined microstructurally in post-mortem brains but functionally in living brains with electrophysiological or neuroimaging techniques – and cortical areas vary in their topographical properties across individual brains. Being able to map both microstructure and function in the same brains noninvasively in vivo would represent a huge leap forward. In recent years, high-field magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technologies with spatial resolution below 0.5 mm have set the stage for this by detecting structural differences within the human cerebral cortex, beyond the Stria of Gennari. This provides the basis for an in vivo microanatomical brain map, with the enormous potential to make direct correlations between microstructure and function in living human brains. This book starts with Brodmann’s post-mortem map published in the early 20th century, moves on to the almost forgotten microstructural maps of von Economo and Koskinas and the Vogt-Vogt school, sheds some light on more recent approaches that aim at mapping cortical areas noninvasively in living human brains, and culminates with the concept of “in vivo Brodmann mapping” using high-field MRI, which was introduced in the early 21st century.

Author : Stefan Geyer
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 3642189105
Total Pages : 153 pages
Book Rating : 4.04/5 ( download)

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Download or read book The Microstructural Border Between the Motor and the Cognitive Domain in the Human Cerebral Cortex written by Stefan Geyer and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 153 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Over the last years, numerous studies have provided new insights into the structural and functional organization of the human cortical motor system. The data reviewed in this book indicate that striking similarities have been found between humans and non-human primates.

Author : Salim Arslan
Publisher : Salim Arslan
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 258 pages
Book Rating : 4./5 ( download)

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Download or read book Connectivity-driven parcellation methods for the human cerebral cortex written by Salim Arslan and published by Salim Arslan. This book was released on 2017-11-01 with total page 258 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The macro connectome elucidates the pathways through which brain regions are structurally connected or functionally coupled to perform cognitive functions. It embodies the notion of representing, analysing, and understanding all connections within the brain as a network, while the subdivision of the brain into interacting cortical units is inherent in its architecture. As a result, the definition of network nodes is one of the most critical steps in connectivity network analysis. Parcellations derived from anatomical brain atlases or random parcellations are traditionally used for node identification, however these approaches do not always fully reflect the functional/structural organisation of the brain. Connectivity-driven methods have arisen only recently, aiming to delineate parcellations that are more faithful to the underlying connectivity. Such parcellation methods face several challenges, including but not limited to poor signal-to-noise ratio, the curse of dimensionality, and functional/structural variations inherent in individual brains, which are only limitedly addressed by the current state of the art. In this thesis, we present robust and fully-automated methods for the subdivision of the entire human cerebral cortex based on connectivity information. Our contributions are four-fold: First, we propose a clustering approach to delineate a cortical parcellation that provides a reliable abstraction of the brain's functional organisation. Second, we cast the parcellation problem as a feature reduction problem and make use of manifold learning and image segmentation techniques to identify cortical regions with distinct structural connectivity patterns. Third, we present a multi-layer graphical model that combines within- and between-subject connectivity, which is then decomposed into a cortical parcellation that can represent the whole population, while accounting for the variability across subjects. Finally, we conduct a large-scale, systematic comparison of existing parcellation methods, with a focus on providing some insight into the reliability of brain parcellations in terms of reflecting the underlying connectivity, as well as, revealing their impact on network analysis. We evaluate the proposed parcellation methods on publicly available data from the Human Connectome Project and a plethora of quantitative and qualitative evaluation techniques investigated in the literature. Experiments across multiple resolutions demonstrate the accuracy of the presented methods at both subject and group levels with regards to reproducibility and fidelity to the data. The neuro-biological interpretation of the proposed parcellations is also investigated by comparing parcel boundaries with well-structured properties of the cerebral cortex. Results show the advantage of connectivity-driven parcellations over traditional approaches in terms of better fitting the underlying connectivity. However, the benefit of using connectivity to parcellate the brain is not always as clear regarding the agreement with other modalities and simple network analysis tasks carried out across healthy subjects. Nonetheless, we believe the proposed methods, along with the systematic evaluation of existing techniques, offer an important contribution to the field of brain parcellation, advancing our understanding of how the human cerebral cortex is organised at the macroscale.

Author : Constantin von Economo
Publisher : Karger Medical and Scientific Publishers
ISBN 13 : 380559061X
Total Pages : 266 pages
Book Rating : 4.17/5 ( download)

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Download or read book Cellular Structure of the Human Cerebral Cortex written by Constantin von Economo and published by Karger Medical and Scientific Publishers. This book was released on 2009-01-01 with total page 266 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Originally published in German and French, the work is considered to be unsurpassed in both its scientific eloquence and accurate photographic documentation. Revising Brodmann's cortical parcellation system, von Economo took cytoarchitectonics to a new zenith.>The revised edition contains newly compiled tables with extensive quantitative data on the 107 cytoarchitectonic areas of Economo and Koskinas, plus all the 'transition' areas and full reproductions of the original microphotographs. It also contains the concluding chapter that appeared only in the 1929 English edition, with Economo's later views on cytoarchitectonic neuropathology and evolutionary neuroscience, enriched with material and figures from his later studies. Last but not least a newly discovered manuscript by Georg N. Koskinas, appears in English for the first time. In it, Economo's collaborator presents an insightful analysis of the 'General Part' of their larger textbook of cytoarchitectonics.

Author : Richard G. Lister
Publisher : Oxford University Press, USA
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 536 pages
Book Rating : 4.69/5 ( download)

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Download or read book Perspectives on Cognitive Neuroscience written by Richard G. Lister and published by Oxford University Press, USA. This book was released on 1991 with total page 536 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume contains a series of original essays by researchers in the fields of cognitive psychology, the neurosciences and neuropsychology, whose goal is to integrate the diverse and growing body of research emerging in these diverse areas.

Author : John R. Smythies
Publisher : Academic Press
ISBN 13 : 012404722X
Total Pages : 408 pages
Book Rating : 4.28/5 ( download)

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Download or read book The Claustrum written by John R. Smythies and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2013-11-11 with total page 408 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The present day is witnessing an explosion of our understanding of how the brain works at all levels, in which complexity is piled on complexity, and mechanisms of astonishing elegance are being continually discovered. This process is most developed in the major areas of the brain, such as the cortex, thalamus, and striatum. The Claustrum instead focuses on a small, remote, and, until recently, relatively unknown area of the brain. In recent years, researchers have come to believe that the claustrum is concerned with consciousness, a bold hypothesis supported by the claustrum’s two-way connections with nearly every other region of the brain and its seeming involvement with multisensory integrations—the hallmark of consciousness. The claustrum, previously in a humble position at the back of the stage, might in fact be the conductor of the brain’s orchestra. The Claustrum brings together leading experts on the claustrum from the varied disciplines of neuroscience, providing a state-of-the-art presentation of what is currently known about the claustrum, promising lines of current research (including epigenetics), and projections of new lines of investigation on the horizon. Develops a unifying hypothesis about the claustrum’s role in consciousness, as well as the integration of sensory information and other higher brain functions Discusses the involvement of the claustrum with autism, schizophrenia, epilepsy, Alzheimer’s disease, and Parkinson’s disease Coverage of all aspects of the claustrum, from its evolution and development to promising new lines of research, including epigenetics, provides a platform and point of reference for future investigative efforts

Author : Fred E. Avni
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 364256402X
Total Pages : 332 pages
Book Rating : 4.24/5 ( download)

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Download or read book Perinatal Imaging written by Fred E. Avni and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-06-29 with total page 332 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Fetal and perinatal medicine is a rapidly expanding field, and noninvasive imaging by means of ultrasonography and MRI is playing a major role in refining diagnosis and therapy. Recent technological advances in these imaging modalities now allow unprecedented morphological depiction of the fetus and excellent insight into complex pathologic conditions, as well as yielding superior guidance for therapeutic fetal inter ventions. I am very pleased that Professor F. Avni , a leading international pediatric radiologist, was prepared to take on the challenging task of preparing and editing this comprehen sive and up-to-date overview of our knowledge in the area of fetal and perinatal imaging. He has been successful in engaging well-known experts with outstanding qualifications in fetal imaging to join him in this venture. I would like to congratulate Professor Avni and all contributing authors most sincerely for their excellent work. I am confident that this outstanding volume will meet with great interest not only from general as well as specialized pediatric radiologists but also from neonatologists and pediatricians. I trust it will enjoy the same success as many previous volumes in this series. ALBERT L. BAERT Leuven Preface Fetal and perinatal medicine would not have developed without the extensive use of obstetric ultrasound (US). In order to be efficient, the examination has to be performed very carefully and by sonologists fully conversant with the normal and abnormal development of the fetus.

Author : Oliver G. Selfridge
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1468489410
Total Pages : 345 pages
Book Rating : 4.15/5 ( download)

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Download or read book Adaptive Control of Ill-Defined Systems written by Oliver G. Selfridge and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-03-09 with total page 345 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: There are some types of complex systems that are built like clockwork, with well-defined parts that interact in well-defined ways, so that the action of the whole can be precisely analyzed and anticipated with accuracy and precision. Some systems are not themselves so well-defined, but they can be modeled in ways that are like trained pilots in well-built planes, or electrolyte balance in healthy humans. But there are many systems for which that is not true; and among them are many whose understanding and control we would value. For example, the model for the trained pilot above fails exactly where the pilot is being most human; that is, where he is exercising the highest levels of judgment, or where he is learning and adapting to new conditions. Again, sometimes the kinds of complexity do not lead to easily analyzable models at all; here we might include most economic systems, in all forms of societies. There are several factors that seem to contribute to systems being hard to model, understand, or control. The human participants may act in ways that are so variable or so rich or so interactive that the only adequate model of the system would be the entire system itself, so to speak. This is probably the case in true long term systems involving people learning and growing up in a changing society.

Author : Percival Bailey
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 301 pages
Book Rating : 4.38/5 ( download)

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Download or read book The Isocortex of Man written by Percival Bailey and published by . This book was released on 1951 with total page 301 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Author : K. Brodmann
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 0387269193
Total Pages : 307 pages
Book Rating : 4.91/5 ( download)

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Download or read book Brodmann's written by K. Brodmann and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2007-02-16 with total page 307 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is the third edition of the translation, by Laurence Garey, of "Vergleichende Lokalisationslehre der Grosshirnrinde" by Korbinian Brodmann, originally published by Barth-Verlag in Leipzig in 1909. It is one of the major "classics" of the neurological world. Even today it forms the basis for so-called "localisation" of function in the cerebral cortex. Brodmann's "areas" are still used to designate functional regions in the cortex, the part of the brain that brings the world that surrounds us into consciousness, and which governs our responses to the world. For example, we use "area 4" for the "motor" cortex, with which we control our muscles, "area 17" for "visual" cortex, with which we see, and so on. This nomenclature is used by neurologists and neurosurgeons in the human context, as well as by experimentalists in various animals. Indeed, Brodmann's famous "maps" of the cerebral cortex of humans, monkeys and other mammals must be among the most commonly reproduced figures in neurobiological publishing. The most famous of all is that of the human brain. There can be few textbooks of neurology, neurophysiology or neuroanatomy in which Brodmann is not cited, and his concepts pervade most research publications on systematic neurobiology. In spite of this, few people have ever seen a copy of the 1909 monograph, and even fewer have actually read it! There had never been a complete English translation available until the first edition of the present translation of 1994, and the original book had been almost unavailable for 50 years or more, the few antiquarian copies still around commanding high prices. As Laurence Garey, too, used Brodmann’s findings and maps in his neurobiological work, and had the good fortune to have access to a copy of the book, he decided to read the complete text and soon discovered that this was much more than just a report of laboratory findings of a turn-of-the-twentieth-century neurologist. It was an account of neurobiological thinking at that time, covering aspects of comparative neuroanatomy, neurophysiology and neuropathology, as well as giving a fascinating insight into the complex relationships between European neurologists during the momentous times when the neuron theory was still new.