Causal Relationships In Medicine

Author : J. Mark Elwood
Publisher : Oxford University Press, USA
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 352 pages
Book Rating : 4.85/5 ( download)

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Download or read book Causal Relationships in Medicine written by J. Mark Elwood and published by Oxford University Press, USA. This book was released on 1988 with total page 352 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book shows that in most controversial questions in medicine the essential argument concerns whether the available evidence supports a particular cause-and-effect relationship. Making this evaluation, however, requires a degree of critical thinking that is not emphasized in medical education. In redressing this imbalance, the author demonstrates that by defining the postulated causal relationship, the possible causal and non-causal explanations can be considered in a logical and constructive manner. Elwood assumes no preliminary knowledge, but starts from a simple logical base to lead the reader through types of studies which are relevant, including the issue of selection in subjects, bias in observations, influences of other factors, and statistical analysis. This yields a question and answer approach that can be applied to a wide range of clinical and epidemiological issues.

Author : Mark Elwood
Publisher : OUP Oxford
ISBN 13 : 0191004944
Total Pages : 615 pages
Book Rating : 4.40/5 ( download)

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Download or read book Critical Appraisal of Epidemiological Studies and Clinical Trials written by Mark Elwood and published by OUP Oxford. This book was released on 2007-02-22 with total page 615 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents a logical system of critical appraisal, to allow readers to evaluate studies and to carry out their own studies more effectively. This system emphasizes the central importance of cause and effect relationships. Its great strength is that it is applicable to a wide range of issues, and both to intervention trials and observational studies. This system unifies the often different approaches used in epidemiology, health services research, clinical trials, and evidence-based medicine, starting from a logical consideration of cause and effect. The author's approach to the issues of study design, selection of subjects, bias, confounding, and the place of statistical methods has been praised for its clarity and interest. Systematic reviews, meta-analysis, and the applications of this logic to evidence-based medicine, knowledge-based health care, and health practice and policy are discussed. Current and often controversial examples are used, including screening for prostate cancer, publication bias in psychiatry, public health issues in developing countries, and conflicts between observational studies and randomized trials. Statistical issues are explained clearly without complex mathematics, and the most useful methods are summarized in the appendix. The final chapters give six applications of the critical appraisal of major studies: randomized trials of medical treatment and prevention, a prospective and a retrospective cohort study, a small matched case-control study, and a large case-control study. In these chapters, sections of the original papers are reproduced and the original studies placed in context by a summary of current developments.

Author : National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309462592
Total Pages : 335 pages
Book Rating : 4.94/5 ( download)

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Download or read book Guiding Principles for Developing Dietary Reference Intakes Based on Chronic Disease written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2017-11-21 with total page 335 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Since 1938 and 1941, nutrient intake recommendations have been issued to the public in Canada and the United States, respectively. Currently defined as the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs), these values are a set of standards established by consensus committees under the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and used for planning and assessing diets of apparently healthy individuals and groups. In 2015, a multidisciplinary working group sponsored by the Canadian and U.S. government DRI steering committees convened to identify key scientific challenges encountered in the use of chronic disease endpoints to establish DRI values. Their report, Options for Basing Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) on Chronic Disease: Report from a Joint US-/Canadian-Sponsored Working Group, outlined and proposed ways to address conceptual and methodological challenges related to the work of future DRI Committees. This report assesses the options presented in the previous report and determines guiding principles for including chronic disease endpoints for food substances that will be used by future National Academies committees in establishing DRIs.

Author : R. L. Blum
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 3642932355
Total Pages : 216 pages
Book Rating : 4.59/5 ( download)

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Download or read book Discovery and Representation of Causal Relationships from a Large Time-Oriented Clinical Database: The RX Project written by R. L. Blum and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-03-12 with total page 216 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As a hospital physician it is impossible to escape the notion that the difficult medical problems one encounters are also being confronted by other' physicians throughout the world. It is equally apparent that without special effort one's own patient observations will not be shared with others. Without the medical literature there would be almost no meaningful shadng of experience. Medical textbooks and journals contain reports of the latest tests and treatments. from university hospitals and research centers. There are, however, definite limitations to the medical literature. First. the literature records only a miniscule and highly select portion of medical experience. Second, because of this selectivity, it may be difficult to apply the findings and recommendations in the literature to one's own patients. One serious consequence of these characteristics of the medical literature is that patients are largely overtreated. Tests and treatments are over-prescribed, and adverse effe

Author : Bryan Kestenbaum
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 0387884335
Total Pages : 242 pages
Book Rating : 4.32/5 ( download)

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Download or read book Epidemiology and Biostatistics written by Bryan Kestenbaum and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2009-08-28 with total page 242 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Concise, fast-paced, intensive introduction to clinical research design for students and clinical research professionals Readers will gain sufficient knowledge to pass the United States Medical Licensing Examination part I section in Epidemiology

Author : Jiuyong Li
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319144332
Total Pages : 87 pages
Book Rating : 4.37/5 ( download)

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Download or read book Practical Approaches to Causal Relationship Exploration written by Jiuyong Li and published by Springer. This book was released on 2015-03-02 with total page 87 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This brief presents four practical methods to effectively explore causal relationships, which are often used for explanation, prediction and decision making in medicine, epidemiology, biology, economics, physics and social sciences. The first two methods apply conditional independence tests for causal discovery. The last two methods employ association rule mining for efficient causal hypothesis generation, and a partial association test and retrospective cohort study for validating the hypotheses. All four methods are innovative and effective in identifying potential causal relationships around a given target, and each has its own strength and weakness. For each method, a software tool is provided along with examples demonstrating its use. Practical Approaches to Causal Relationship Exploration is designed for researchers and practitioners working in the areas of artificial intelligence, machine learning, data mining, and biomedical research. The material also benefits advanced students interested in causal relationship discovery.

Author : Robert L. Blum
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 9780387119625
Total Pages : 242 pages
Book Rating : 4.20/5 ( download)

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Download or read book Discovery and Representation of Causal Relationships from a Large Time-oriented Clinical Database written by Robert L. Blum and published by Springer. This book was released on 1982 with total page 242 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Author : Rani Lill Anjum
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3030412393
Total Pages : 252 pages
Book Rating : 4.95/5 ( download)

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Download or read book Rethinking Causality, Complexity and Evidence for the Unique Patient written by Rani Lill Anjum and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-06-02 with total page 252 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This open access book is a unique resource for health professionals who are interested in understanding the philosophical foundations of their daily practice. It provides tools for untangling the motivations and rationality behind the way medicine and healthcare is studied, evaluated and practiced. In particular, it illustrates the impact that thinking about causation, complexity and evidence has on the clinical encounter. The book shows how medicine is grounded in philosophical assumptions that could at least be challenged. By engaging with ideas that have shaped the medical profession, clinicians are empowered to actively take part in setting the premises for their own practice and knowledge development. Written in an engaging and accessible style, with contributions from experienced clinicians, this book presents a new philosophical framework that takes causal complexity, individual variation and medical uniqueness as default expectations for health and illness.

Author : Katherine M. Keyes
Publisher : Oxford University Press, USA
ISBN 13 : 0199331243
Total Pages : 257 pages
Book Rating : 4.46/5 ( download)

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Download or read book Epidemiology Matters written by Katherine M. Keyes and published by Oxford University Press, USA. This book was released on 2014 with total page 257 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Epidemiology Matters offers a new approach to understanding and identifying the causes of disease -- and with it, how to prevent disease and improve human health. Utilizing visual explanations and examples, this text provides an accessible, step-by-step introduction to the fundamentals of epidemiologic study, from design to analysis. Across fourteen chapters, Epidemiology Matters teaches the individual competencies that underlie the conduct of an epidemiologic study: identifying populations; measuring exposures and health indicators; taking a sample; estimating associations between exposures and health indicators; assessing evidence for causes working together; assessing internal and external validity of results. With its consequentialist approach -- designing epidemiologic studies that aim to inform our understanding, and therefore improve public health -- Epidemiology Matters is an introductory text for the next generation of students in medicine and public health.

Author : Agency for Health Care Research and Quality (U.S.)
Publisher : Government Printing Office
ISBN 13 : 1587634236
Total Pages : 204 pages
Book Rating : 4.39/5 ( download)

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Download or read book Developing a Protocol for Observational Comparative Effectiveness Research: A User's Guide written by Agency for Health Care Research and Quality (U.S.) and published by Government Printing Office. This book was released on 2013-02-21 with total page 204 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This User’s Guide is a resource for investigators and stakeholders who develop and review observational comparative effectiveness research protocols. It explains how to (1) identify key considerations and best practices for research design; (2) build a protocol based on these standards and best practices; and (3) judge the adequacy and completeness of a protocol. Eleven chapters cover all aspects of research design, including: developing study objectives, defining and refining study questions, addressing the heterogeneity of treatment effect, characterizing exposure, selecting a comparator, defining and measuring outcomes, and identifying optimal data sources. Checklists of guidance and key considerations for protocols are provided at the end of each chapter. The User’s Guide was created by researchers affiliated with AHRQ’s Effective Health Care Program, particularly those who participated in AHRQ’s DEcIDE (Developing Evidence to Inform Decisions About Effectiveness) program. Chapters were subject to multiple internal and external independent reviews. More more information, please consult the Agency website: www.effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov)