The Nature And Normativity Of Defeat

Author : Christoph Kelp
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1009190687
Total Pages : 70 pages
Book Rating : 4.88/5 ( download)

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Download or read book The Nature and Normativity of Defeat written by Christoph Kelp and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2023-09-04 with total page 70 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Defeat is the loss of justification for believing something in light of new information. This Element mainly aims to work towards developing a novel account of defeat. It distinguishes among three broad views in the epistemology of defeat: scepticism, internalism, and externalism and argues that that sceptical and internalist accounts of defeat are bound to remain unsatisfactory. As a result, any viable account of defeat must be externalist. While there is no shortage of externalist accounts, the Element provides reason to think that extant accounts remain unsatisfactory. The Element also explains the constructive tasks of developing an alternative account of defeat and showing that it improves on the competition.

Author : Christoph Kelp
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1009190679
Total Pages : 129 pages
Book Rating : 4.71/5 ( download)

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Download or read book The Nature and Normativity of Defeat written by Christoph Kelp and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2023-09-07 with total page 129 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This Element aims to work towards developing a novel account of defeat. It distinguishes among three broad views in the epistemology of defeat: scepticism, internalism, and externalism. It argues that that sceptical and internalist accounts of defeat are bound to remain unsatisfactory.

Author : Jessica Brown
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0192586491
Total Pages : 288 pages
Book Rating : 4.90/5 ( download)

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Download or read book Reasons, Justification, and Defeat written by Jessica Brown and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2021-04-16 with total page 288 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Traditionally, the notion of defeat has been central to epistemology, practical reasoning, and ethics. Within epistemology, it is standardly assumed that a subject who knows that p, or justifiably believes that p, can lose this knowledge or justified belief by acquiring a so-called 'defeater', whether that is evidence that not-p, evidence that the process that produced her belief is unreliable, or evidence that she has likely misevaluated her own evidence. Within ethics and practical reasoning, it is widely accepted that a subject may initially have a reason to do something although this reason is later defeated by her acquisition of further information. However, the traditional conception of defeat has recently come under attack. Some have argued that the notion of defeat is problematically motivated; others that defeat is hard to accommodate within externalist or naturalistic accounts of knowledge or justification; and still others that the intuitions that support defeat can be explained in other ways. This volume presents new work re-examining the very notion of defeat, and its place in epistemology and in normativity theory at large.

Author : Michael P. Wolf
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319336878
Total Pages : 357 pages
Book Rating : 4.79/5 ( download)

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Download or read book The Normative and the Natural written by Michael P. Wolf and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-08-31 with total page 357 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Drawing on a rich pragmatist tradition, this book offers an account of the different kinds of ‘oughts’, or varieties of normativity, that we are subject to contends that there is no conflict between normativity and the world as science describes it. The authors argue that normative claims aim to evaluate, to urge us to do or not do something, and to tell us how a state of affairs ought to be. These claims articulate forms of action-guidance that are different in kind from descriptive claims, with a wholly distinct practical and expressive character. This account suggests that there are no normative facts, and so nothing that needs any troublesome shoehorning into a scientific account of the world. This work explains that nevertheless, normative claims are constrained by the world, and answerable to reason and argumentation, in a way that makes them truth-apt and objective.

Author : Sanford Goldberg
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0198793677
Total Pages : 294 pages
Book Rating : 4.70/5 ( download)

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Download or read book To the Best of Our Knowledge written by Sanford Goldberg and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2018 with total page 294 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Sanford C. Goldberg argues in this volume that epistemic normativity - the sort of normativity implicated in assessments of whether a belief amounts to knowledge - is grounded in the things we properly expect of one another as epistemic subjects. In developing this claim Goldberg argues that epistemic norms and standards themselves are generated by the expectations that arise out of our profound and ineliminable dependence on one another for what we know of the world. The expectations in question are those through which we hold each other accountable to standards of both (epistemic) reliability and (epistemic) responsibility. In arguing for this Goldberg aims to honor the insights of both internalist and externalist approaches to epistemic justification. The resulting theory has far-reaching implications not only for the theory of epistemic normativity, but also for the nature of epistemic assessment itself, as well as for our understanding of epistemic defeat, epistemic justification, epistemic responsibility, and the various social dimensions of knowledge.

Author : Mona Simion
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1009298526
Total Pages : 231 pages
Book Rating : 4.20/5 ( download)

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Download or read book Resistance to Evidence written by Mona Simion and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2024-02-15 with total page 231 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Explores the phenomenon of distrusting evidence coming from reliable sources with current examples including climate change and vaccine scepticism. The book argues that evidence resistance relates to a type of cognitive malfunction and distinguishes it from justified evidence rejection occurring in environments polluted with disinformation.

Author : Sanford C. Goldberg
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 019251234X
Total Pages : 208 pages
Book Rating : 4.45/5 ( download)

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Download or read book To the Best of Our Knowledge written by Sanford C. Goldberg and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2018-03-09 with total page 208 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Sanford C. Goldberg argues in this volume that epistemic normativity - the sort of normativity implicated in assessments of whether a belief amounts to knowledge - is grounded in the things we properly expect of one another as epistemic subjects. In developing this claim Goldberg argues that epistemic norms and standards themselves are generated by the expectations that arise out of our profound and ineliminable dependence on one another for what we know of the world. The expectations in question are those through which we hold each other accountable to standards of both (epistemic) reliability and (epistemic) responsibility. In arguing for this Goldberg aims to honor the insights of both internalist and externalist approaches to epistemic justification. The resulting theory has far-reaching implications not only for the theory of epistemic normativity, but also for the nature of epistemic assessment itself, as well as for our understanding of epistemic defeat, epistemic justification, epistemic responsibility, and the various social dimensions of knowledge.

Author : Ralph Wedgwood
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0199251312
Total Pages : 307 pages
Book Rating : 4.15/5 ( download)

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Download or read book The Nature of Normativity written by Ralph Wedgwood and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2007-07-19 with total page 307 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The semantics of normative thought and discourse -- Thinking about what ought to be -- Expressivism -- Causal theories and conceptual analyses -- Conceptual role semantics -- Context and the logic of 'ought' -- The metaphysics of normative facts -- The metaphysical issues -- The normativity of the intentional -- Irreducibility and causal efficacy -- Non-reductive naturalism -- The epistemology of normative belief -- The status of normative intuitions -- Disagreement and the a priori.

Author : Christoph Kelp
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0192649426
Total Pages : 223 pages
Book Rating : 4.23/5 ( download)

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Download or read book Inquiry, Knowledge, and Understanding written by Christoph Kelp and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2021-04-01 with total page 223 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Inquiry, Knowledge, and Understanding takes inquiry as the starting point for epistemological theorising. It uses this idea to develop new and systematic answers to some of the most fundamental questions in epistemology, including about the nature of core epistemic phenomena (most importantly: knowledge and understanding) as well as their value and the extent to which we possess them. Christoph Kelp argues that knowledge is the constitutive aim of inquiry into specific questions and that understanding is the constitutive aim of inquiry into general phenomena. He shows that these claims shed light on the nature of knowledge and understanding. He develops non-reductive 'network' analyses for both knowledge and understanding which elucidate the nature of knowledge and understanding in terms of their place in inquiry. Activities with constitutive aims, including inquiry, constitute critical domains of value in which the constitutive aim corresponds to a for-its-own-sake value relative to this domain. This study uses this idea to explain which epistemic phenomena are epistemically valuable for their own sake and to develop new solutions to a range of important value problems in epistemology, including the time-honoured Meno problem: knowledge is more valuable than mere true belief because it is the constitutive aim of inquiry, and thus epistemically valuable for its own sake.

Author : Jan Constantin
Publisher : Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG
ISBN 13 : 3110730685
Total Pages : 291 pages
Book Rating : 4.85/5 ( download)

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Download or read book Epistemic Defeat written by Jan Constantin and published by Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. This book was released on 2021-06-21 with total page 291 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A number of well-developed theories shed light on the question, under what circumstances our beliefs enjoy epistemic justification. Yet, comparatively little is known about epistemic defeat—when new information causes the loss of epistemic justification. This book proposes and defends a detailed account of epistemic defeaters. The main kinds of defeaters are analyzed in detail and integrated into a general framework that aims to explain how beliefs lose justification. It is argued that defeaters introduce incompatibilities into a noetic system and thereby prompt a structured re-evaluation process that makes a justified reinstatement of the defeated belief impossible. The account is then applied to the topic of disagreement, where it is used in an argument for conciliationism, as well as a new explanation for higher-order defeat. Throughout the book, the notion of defeat is the center of attention, while a number of new issues are discussed at the intersections of defeat and justification. Specifically, new problems are raised for broadly internalist accounts of defeat, a fully descriptive reliabilist account of defeat is provided, and the case for normative defeat is revisited.