Shii Scholars Of Nineteenth Century Iraq

Author : Meir Litvak
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 9780521892964
Total Pages : 276 pages
Book Rating : 4.61/5 ( download)

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Download or read book Shi'i Scholars of Nineteenth-Century Iraq written by Meir Litvak and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2002-05-02 with total page 276 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the nineteenth century, the shrine cities of Najaf and Karbala in Ottoman Iraq emerged as the most important Shi'i centres of learning. In a major contribution to the study of pre-modern Middle Eastern religious institutions, Meir Litvak analyses the social and political dynamics of these communities. Tracing the historical evolution of Shi'i leadership, he explores the determinants of social status amongst the ulama, the concept of patronage, the structure of learning, questions of ethnicity, and financial matters. He also assesses the role of the ulama as communal leaders who, in the face of a hostile Sunni government in Baghdad, were often obliged to adopt a more quietest political stance than their counterparts in Iran. This is an important book which sheds light on the formation of contemporary Shi'ism and the surrounding debates.

Author : Yitzhak Nakash
Publisher : Princeton University Press
ISBN 13 : 0691190445
Total Pages : 339 pages
Book Rating : 4.40/5 ( download)

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Download or read book The Shi'is of Iraq written by Yitzhak Nakash and published by Princeton University Press. This book was released on 2018-06-26 with total page 339 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Shi'is of Iraq provides a comprehensive history of Iraq's majority group and its turbulent relations with the ruling Sunni minority. Yitzhak Nakash challenges the widely held belief that Shi'i society and politics in Iraq are a reflection of Iranian Shi'ism, pointing to the strong Arab attributes of Iraqi Shi'ism. He contends that behind the power struggle in Iraq between Arab Sunnis and Shi'is there exist two sectarian groups that are quite similar. The tension fueling the sectarian problem between Sunnis and Shi'is is political rather than ethnic or cultural, and it reflects the competition of the two groups over the right to rule and to define the meaning of nationalism in Iraq. A new introduction brings this book into the new century and illuminates the role that Shi`is could play in postwar Iraq.

Author : Imranali Panjwani
Publisher : Bloomsbury Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1786729822
Total Pages : 268 pages
Book Rating : 4.28/5 ( download)

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Download or read book The Shi’a of Samarra written by Imranali Panjwani and published by Bloomsbury Publishing. This book was released on 2012-01-30 with total page 268 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: On 22 February 2006, the main dome of the al-Askariyya shrine in Samarra was blown up. In the aftermath, sectarian strife between Shi'i and Sunni communities in Iraq and the wider region resonated around the world. The assault on Samarra, which was built in the period of the Abbasid caliphate in the ninth century CE, therefore came to represent for many a symbol of the destructive civil conflict which engulfed Iraq following the 2003 US-led invasion. The Shi'a of Samarra explores and analyses the cultural, architectural and political heritage of the Shi'a in both Samarra and the Middle East, thus highlighting how this city functions as a microcosm for the contentious issues and debates which remain at the forefront of efforts to rebuild the modern Iraqi state. From its origins under the eighth Abbasid caliph to its rise as a recognized site for visitation (ziyarat), akin to that of Najaf and Karbala, Samarra in the early period of Islam was a prominent gathering place for Shi'i Muslims. Of particular importance was the presence of the shrines of the tenth and eleventh Imams, and Samarra's status as the last known residence of the twelfth Imam. But upon the return of the Abbasids to their former capital of Baghdad at the end of the ninth century, Samarra's importance declined. Although there were Shi'i Muslims present in Samarra, it was in the late nineteenth century that the city once again became a centre for religious and juridical learning, for the most part due to the presence of the Ayatollah Mirza Hasan Shirazi. Here, the book highlights the cross-border linkages of Shi'i clerics and the impact of their teaching on both the Shi'a and Sunni within the city, and across the Middle East. Crucially, this volume also examines the history of sectarianism in Samarra: exploring issues of citizenship and identity in Iraq, and - bearing in mind the specific socio-political context of this conflict - analysing the rise of violence between the Shi'a and the Sunni. In the aftermath of the US-led invasion, and the bombings of the main dome in 2006 and the two minarets in 2007, this book also details the efforts at reconstruction that have taken place, providing important insights for students and researchers working on the history and politics of Iraq and the Middle East, as well as those interested in the art and architecture of the Islamic world.

Author : Zackery M. Heern
Publisher : Simon and Schuster
ISBN 13 : 1780744978
Total Pages : 240 pages
Book Rating : 4.71/5 ( download)

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Download or read book The Emergence of Modern Shi'ism written by Zackery M. Heern and published by Simon and Schuster. This book was released on 2015-06-04 with total page 240 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book takes a fresh look at the foundations of modern Islam. Scholars often locate the origins of the modern Islamic world in European colonialism or Islamic reactions to European modernity. However, this study focuses on the rise of Islamic movements indigenous to the Middle East, which developed in direct response to the collapse and decentralization of the Islamic gunpowder empires. In other words, the book argues that the Usuli movement as well as Wahhabism and neo-Sufism emerged in reaction to the disintegration and political decentralization of the Safavid, Ottoman, and Mughal empires. The book specifically highlights the emergence of Usuli Shi‘ism in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. The long-term impact of the Usuli revival was that Shi‘i clerics gained unprecedented social, political, and economic power in Iran and southern Iraq. Usuli clerics claimed authority to issue binding legal judgments, which, they argue, must be observed by all Shi‘is. By the early nineteenth century, Usulism emerged as a popular, fiercely independent, transnational Islamic movement. The Usuli clerics have often operated at the heart of social and political developments in modern Iraq and Iran and today dominate the politics of the region.

Author : Muhammad Ismail Marcinkowski
Publisher : Pustaka Nasional Pte Ltd
ISBN 13 : 9789971775131
Total Pages : 148 pages
Book Rating : 4.31/5 ( download)

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Download or read book Religion and Politics in Iraq written by Muhammad Ismail Marcinkowski and published by Pustaka Nasional Pte Ltd. This book was released on 2004 with total page 148 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Religion and Politics in Iraq features four chapters that outline the major political developments faced by Iraq's Muslim clerics from the end of the 19th century, under the ailing Ottoman empire, to the 1980s. This crucial period saw fierce internal struggles, foreign intervention and bloody persecution of the political opposition, as well as the emergence of a totalitarian one-party system with absolute control over all sectors of social and religious life. During this period, Baathist Iraq attacked its Muslim neighbours Kuwait and Iran and used poison gas in its "ethnic cleansing" campaign against the Kurds. This book focuses on the dilemma of Iraq's clerics within this setting, caught between political activism and quietism. It addresses also major developments in neighbouring Iran insofar as they had a bearing on Iraq.

Author : Mateo Mohammad Farzaneh
Publisher : Syracuse University Press
ISBN 13 : 0815653115
Total Pages : 360 pages
Book Rating : 4.10/5 ( download)

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Download or read book The Iranian Constitutional Revolution and the Clerical Leadership of Khurasani written by Mateo Mohammad Farzaneh and published by Syracuse University Press. This book was released on 2015-03-13 with total page 360 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Iranian Constitutional Revolution was the twentieth century’s first such political movement in the Middle East. It represented a landmark in Iranian history because of the unlikely support it received from Shi‘ite clerics who historically viewed Western concepts with suspicion, some claiming constitutionalism to be anti-Islamic. Leading the support was Muhammad Kazim Khurasani, the renowned Shi‘ite jurist who conceived of a supporting role for the clergy in a modern Iranian political system. Drawing on extensive analysis of religious texts, fatwas, and articles written by Khurasani an other pro- and anti-constitutionalists, Farzaneh provides a comprehensive and illuminating interpretation of Khurasani’s religious pragmatism. Despite some opposition from his peers, Khurasani used a form of jurisprudential reasoning when creating shari‘a that was based on human intellect to justify his support of not only the Iranian parliament but also the political powers of clerics. He had a reputation across the Shi‘ite community as a masterful religious scholar, a skillful teacher, and a committed humanitarian who heeded the people’s socioeconomic and political grievances and took action to address them. Khurasani’s push for progressive reforms helped to inaugurate a new era of clerical involvement in constitutionalism in the Middle East.

Author : Elvire Corboz
Publisher : Edinburgh University Press
ISBN 13 : 0748691464
Total Pages : 253 pages
Book Rating : 4.63/5 ( download)

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Download or read book Guardians of Shi'ism written by Elvire Corboz and published by Edinburgh University Press. This book was released on 2016-03-31 with total page 253 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Based on a political sociology of two families of religious scholars, al-Hakim and al-Khu'i, Elvire Corboz explains the internal workings of transnational leadership patterns in Shi'ism for the first time.

Author : Ali A. Allawi
Publisher : Yale University Press
ISBN 13 : 0300135378
Total Pages : 544 pages
Book Rating : 4.74/5 ( download)

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Download or read book The Occupation of Iraq written by Ali A. Allawi and published by Yale University Press. This book was released on 2008-10-01 with total page 544 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Involved for over thirty years in the politics of Iraq, Ali A. Allawi was a long-time opposition leader against the Baathist regime. In the post-Saddam years he has held important government positions and participated in crucial national decisions and events. In this book, the former Minister of Defense and Finance draws on his unique personal experience, extensive relationships with members of the main political groups and parties in Iraq, and deep understanding of the history and society of his country to answer the baffling questions that persist about its current crises. What really led the United States to invade Iraq, and why have events failed to unfold as planned? The Occupation of Iraq examines what the United States did and didn't know at the time of the invasion, the reasons for the confused and contradictory policies that were enacted, and the emergence of the Iraqi political class during the difficult transition process. The book tracks the growth of the insurgency and illuminates the complex relationships among Sunnis, Shias, and Kurds. Bringing the discussion forward to the reconfiguration of political forces in 2006, Allawi provides in these pages the clearest view to date of the modern history of Iraq and the invasion that changed its course in unpredicted ways.

Author : Raihan Ismail
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0190233311
Total Pages : 329 pages
Book Rating : 4.10/5 ( download)

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Download or read book Saudi Clerics and Shi'a Islam written by Raihan Ismail and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2016 with total page 329 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book examines the attitudes of the Saudi 'ulama' toward the Shi'a. It is an in-depth study of the theological convictions of the 'ulama' and their political motivation when examining Shi'a sects, communities, and political actors. The Saudi 'ulama' are known for their strong opposition to Shi'a theology, Shi'a communities in Saudi Arabia, and external Shi'a influences such as Iran and Hezbollah.

Author : Josef Meri
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1351668234
Total Pages : 546 pages
Book Rating : 4.31/5 ( download)

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Download or read book Routledge Revivals: Medieval Islamic Civilization (2006) written by Josef Meri and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2018-01-12 with total page 546 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Islamic civilization flourished in the Middle Ages across a vast geographical area that spans today's Middle and Near East. First published in 2006, Medieval Islamic Civilization examines the socio-cultural history of the regions where Islam took hold between the 7th and 16th centuries. This important two-volume work contains over 700 alphabetically arranged entries, contributed and signed by international scholars and experts in fields such as Arabic languages, Arabic literature, architecture, history of science, Islamic arts, Islamic studies, Middle Eastern studies, Near Eastern studies, politics, religion, Semitic studies, theology, and more. Entries also explore the importance of interfaith relations and the permeation of persons, ideas, and objects across geographical and intellectual boundaries between Europe and the Islamic world. This reference work provides an exhaustive and vivid portrait of Islamic civilization and brings together in one authoritative text all aspects of Islamic civilization during the Middle Ages. Accessible to scholars, students and non-specialists, this resource will be of great use in research and understanding of the roots of today's Islamic society as well as the rich and vivid culture of medieval Islamic civilization.