Septuagint Zachariah

Author : Scriptural Research Institute
Publisher : Scriptural Research Institute
ISBN 13 : 1989852580
Total Pages : 61 pages
Book Rating : 4.83/5 ( download)

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Download or read book Septuagint: Zachariah written by Scriptural Research Institute and published by Scriptural Research Institute. This book was released on 2020-08-23 with total page 61 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Book of Zachariah is set in the years 421 through 420 BC, years 2 and 3 of King Darius II of the Persian Empire. Most scholars accept that the first eight chapters of Zachariah were written shortly after 421 BC at the same time as Haggai, however, the later six chapters appear to be a much older prophecy of Shadrach that became embedded in Zachariah at some point. Very little is known about the prophet Zachariah, as the era he lived in is part of the so-called missing years of Rabbinical history. His world was very different from the later Kingdom of Judea that emerged in the 2nd-century BC, as the Israelites of his time were still hedonistic, worshiping the Almighty God (El Shaddai), but still recognizing the existence of the Canaanite gods, along with the angel Iaw Sabaoth, Almighty God's messenger and warrior angel. Based on the contents of Zachariah's writing, his prophecy took place in 421 and 420 BC, a few years after the city of Jerusalem was occupied by the Medes and Persians. This places Zachariah's life at the end of the 'missing years' of Rabbinical history, which skips 164 years between 587 and 422 BC. The books of Ezra record that a king named Darius authorized the rebuilding of the temple in Jerusalem and the city's walls, and as this Darius lived after a king named Artaxerxes, who had stopped the rebuilding, it can only be Darius II, Artaxerxes I's son. Darius II's interest in the temple in Jerusalem had also been proven by the so-called Passover Letter, an ancient Aramaic letter discovered in Elephantine, Egypt, and dating to 418 BC, year 5 of Darius II. This letter was sent by High Priest Zerubbabel's son, Hananiah, to the Israelite temple in Elephantine, and explained that King Darius had ordered all Judahites to follow the Passover. The Passover Letter then explained what was required of the Judahites in Elephantine, as the Israelite priesthood in Elephantine apparently had never heard of Passover. A later letter from 407 BC, year 17 of King Darius II, has also survived among the Elephantine papyri, and mentions the High Priest Johanan of the temple in Jerusalem, who was also mentioned in the books of Ezra, supporting the essentially factual history recorded with the books.

Author : Scriptural Research Institute
Publisher : Digital Ink Productions
ISBN 13 : 198960465X
Total Pages : 1411 pages
Book Rating : 4.56/5 ( download)

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Download or read book Septuagint: History written by Scriptural Research Institute and published by Digital Ink Productions. This book was released on 2019-12-22 with total page 1411 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the mid 3ʳᵈ century BC, King Ptolemy II Philadelphus of Egypt ordered a translation of the ancient Israelite scriptures for the Library of Alexandria. This translation later became known as the Septuagint, based on the description of the translation by seventy translators in the Letter of Aristeas. By 132 BC, the Septuagint included all the books later adopted by the Byzantine Orthodox church as the Old Testament section of the Christian Bible. Some of these books were rejected by the Hebrew translators during the Hasmonean Dynasty of Judea, and never formed part of the Masoretic text. The Septuagint of 132 BC, included four sections: the Torah, History, Wisdom, and Prophets sections. The History section includes the books of Joshua, Judges, Ruth, Kingdoms, Paralipomena, Ezra, Tobit, Judith, Esther, and Maccabees. One of the problems with academic translations of the Septuagint, is the use of unfamiliar names or terms, as the Septuagint was written in Greek, and therefore many names are unrecognizable to modern readers who are used to Hebrew-derived names. This project uses the more commonly understood Hebrew-derived names instead of their Greek translations, such as Canaan instead of Chanaan, and Melchizedek instead of Melchisedec. Common modern names are also used instead of either Greek or Hebrew terms when geographical locations are known, such as the archaeological name Uruk instead of the Greek Orech, or the Hebrew Erech, and the archaeological term Sumer instead of Shinar or Senar. While this could be argued as not being a correct academic procedure, it does fulfill the goal of making the translation easy to read and understand.

Author : Scriptural Research Institute
Publisher : Digital Ink Productions
ISBN 13 : 1989852599
Total Pages : 129 pages
Book Rating : 4.90/5 ( download)

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Download or read book Septuagint: Judges written by Scriptural Research Institute and published by Digital Ink Productions. This book was released on 2020-08-30 with total page 129 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Book of Judges is very old, and the Song of Deborah may be the oldest surviving piece of Israelite literature. It uses some of the most archaic forms of Hebrew, and was likely composed in Canaanite before Hebrew became a defined dialect as this issue of dialect was part of the division between the Israelites during the battle between the Gileadites, east of the Jordan, and the Ephraimites from west of the Jordan. There is evidence that the book was either assembled or redacted in the Kingdom of Samaria. The region of the book also generally corresponds with the territory of the northern kingdom, both the region that had once been under Egyptian authority west of the Jordan, and the region east of the Jordan which had generally been independent of Egypt. The synchronizations between the Book of Judges and the records of Egypt are far too many to be overlooked or ignored. As almost all denominations of Christians and Jews agree that King Saul established his kingdom in 1037 BC, and the Septuagint's version of Judges includes 460 years of the land being ruled by Judges, or foreign kings, followed by an era of chaos when there was no king, the latest possible date the Exodus could have taken place was the 1500s BC, which supports the idea that the 10 plagues of Egypt were descriptions of the fallout and effects of the Minoan eruption which Egyptologists date to 1550 BC. According to Judges, 42 years later the Israelites invaded Samaria, (northern modern Israel and the Palestinian West Bank) under the leadership of Joshua, which would have been 1508 BC. The plan was already laid out in the Book of Joshua to occupy the entire land of Canaan, yet just three years later, when Joshua was 85 years old, the Israelites stopped their campaign, after having only occupied the cities in Samaria, this would have been in 1505 BC. The reason they stopped their invasion is not given, however, Egyptian records do explain it, as in the same year, 1505 BC, Pharaoh Thutmose I marched his army through Canaan to reconquer it for the Egyptian Empire. It had previously been under the control of the Hyksos Dynasty whose empire collapsed in the aftermath of the Minoan eruption. In 1550 BC, the Hyksos capital fell to the rival southern dynasty of Pharaoh Ahmose I, and the Hyksos retreated to their fortress of Sharuhen, near modern Gaza in the Palestinian Gaza Strip. This suggests the Hyksos maintained control over Canaan until Sharuhen fell to Ahmose I in 1540 BC. Ahmose I led an invasion of southern Canaan a few years later in an attempt to root out any remaining Hyksos. Egyptologists are not sure when this campaign was, placing it sometime between 1537 and 1527 BC. This campaign is not believed to have reached farther north than Byblos, in modern Lebanon, and did not result in any long-term political control over Canaan. Ahmose I's main goal seems to have been to destroy any remaining Hyksos in the region to ensure they did not try to recapture Egypt.

Author : Scriptural Research Institute
Publisher : Digital Ink Productions
ISBN 13 : 1989604994
Total Pages : 236 pages
Book Rating : 4.91/5 ( download)

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Download or read book Septuagint: Psalms written by Scriptural Research Institute and published by Digital Ink Productions. This book was released on 2020-02-07 with total page 236 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Psalms are a complex collection of hymns and prayers likely composed over many centuries, and by various authors. The earliest psalms are attributed to King David or are written for King David, including the first 40, which are likely the original group of psalms. Many other psalms are attributed to, or written for Asaph, Solomon, Ethan, Moses, Jeremiah, Haggai, Zachariah, the sons of Korah, or the sons of Jehonadab. Some of the psalms have internal historical references that indicate the likely time-frame they were written in. King David is generally believed to have lived around 1000 BC by those who accept him as a historical figure, and Asaph, Solomon, and Ethan all lived around the same time, so those who accept the psalms as having been written by authors that they are attributed to, would generally place the origin of most of the texts to around 1000 BC. The life of Moses has been dated to anywhere between the 16ᵗʰ and 13ᵗʰ centuries BC, and the original sons of Korah lived at the same time, however, the sons of Korah were also the priests in Solomon's Temple before they were replaced by the Levites. Jehonadab lived during the reign of the Israelite King Jehu, who lived circa 800 BC, while Jeremiah's life is dated to circa 600 BC, and the lives of Haggai and Zachariah are dated to circa 500 BC. The earliest references to the Septuagint's Lord in the Psalms, treat the Lord as the Sun or refer to the Lord as living in the Sun. In the later psalms, the sun was a completely separate object from the Lord, which is consistent with the changing religion of the region recorded in both the Israelite and Judahite books of the Kingdoms and the archaeological record. 4ᵗʰ Kingdoms (Masoretic Kings) describes King Josiah's reforms in circa 625 BC. Shemesh was the Canaanite god of the sun, who was essentially the same as the Greek Helios before Josiah's reforms. Like Helios, Shemesh rode on a chariot pulled by four flying horses. The four horses are a reference to what are commonly called sundogs today, the refracted light that appears 22° to the left and right of the Sun, and in rare cases again at 44° when there are ice crystals in the atmosphere. The Psalms include many references to the Lord shining down from the sky, and the name of the Lord enduring as long as the sun. Psalms 18 claims that the Lord lives in the sun, suggesting he was something other than the sun, even in the early Psalms.

Author : Scriptural Research Institute
Publisher : Scriptural Research Institute
ISBN 13 : 1989852564
Total Pages : 32 pages
Book Rating : 4.69/5 ( download)

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Download or read book Septuagint: Haggai written by Scriptural Research Institute and published by Scriptural Research Institute. This book was released on 2020-08-17 with total page 32 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Book of Haggai is set in the year 421 BC, year 2 of King Darius II of the Persian Empire. Most scholars accept that Haggai was written shortly after 421 BC, however, it appears to have been written about Haggai, and not by him. Very little is known about him, as the era he lived in as part of the so-called missing years of Rabbinical history. His world was very different from the later Kingdom of Judea that emerged in the 2nd-century BC, as the Israelites of his time were still hedonistic, worshiping the Almighty God (El Shaddai), but still recognizing the existence of the Canaanite gods including Shamayim, who Josiah had banned a century earlier, and Eretz, the earth-goddess. Based on the contents of Haggai's writing, his prophecy took place in 421 BC, when Zerubbabel rebuilt the temple in Jerusalem. This places Haggai's life at the end of the 'missing years' of Rabbinical history, which skips 164 years between 587 and 422 BC. In 351 BC, Ezra the Scribe and the Governor of Judea Nehemiah, formally ejected the Samaritan priesthood from the temple in Jerusalem, and rebuilt it. Ezra and Nehemiah, operating under the authority of the Persian King Artaxerxes III, threw the Samaritans out of Jerusalem, and declared they were not Israelites, then set about rebuilding the temple again. The books of Ezra record that a king named Darius authorized the rebuilding of the temple in Jerusalem and the city's walls, and as this Darius lived after a king named Artaxerxes, who had stopped the rebuilding, it can only be Darius II, Artaxerxes I's son. Darius I was Artaxerxes I's grandfather, and Darius III was the final king of the Persian Empire, who had effectively lost control of Anatolia, Canaan, and Egypt before his second year when the reconstruction was authorized. Therefore, Darius III could not have authorized the rebuilding of the temple, as Alexander the Great was already in control of Judea but his second year. Moreover, the temple was recorded as being finished in the month of Adar in year 6 of this Darius, by which time Darius III was dead, and Alexander had been the king over the western half of the Persian Empire for four years. Darius II's interest in the temple in Jerusalem had also been proven by the so-called Passover Letter, an ancient Aramaic letter discovered in Elephantine, Egypt, and dating to 418 BC, year 5 of Darius II. This letter was sent by High Priest Zerubbabel's son, Hananiah, to the Israelite temple in Elephantine, and explained that King Darius had ordered all Judahites to follow the Passover. The Passover Letter then explained what was required of the Judahites in Elephantine, as the Israelite priesthood in Elephantine apparently had never heard of Passover. A later letter from 407 BC, year 17 of King Darius II, has also survived among the Elephantine papyri, and mentions the High Priest Johanan of the temple in Jerusalem, who was also mentioned in the books of Ezra, supporting the essentially factual history recorded with the books.

Author : Scriptural Research Institute
Publisher : Scriptural Research Institute
ISBN 13 : 1989604005
Total Pages : 49 pages
Book Rating : 4.07/5 ( download)

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Download or read book Septuagint: Lamentations written by Scriptural Research Institute and published by Scriptural Research Institute. This book was released on 1901 with total page 49 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Septuagint's version of the book of Lamentations, is virtually identical to the Masoretic book of Eykhoh, which translates as 'How?' This was a question many were no doubt asking in the aftermath of the destruction of Jerusalem, a city that had stood since before the Amarna Letters were written, generally dated to the 1300s BC. The Greek name of the book, Thrênoe, translates as 'laments' or 'wailings,' and is the source of the common English name Lamentations. To date, fragments of Eykhoh / Lamentations have been found in three of the Qumran caves, all dating to the Herodian Dynasty, circa 37 BC to 6 AD, and all in the Assyrian (Hebrew) script, as one would expect from the period. The texts that survive, generally match the texts found in the Masoretic Texts, with minor spelling variations, however, do have a significant number of deviations where the terms 'adonoi (אֲדֹנָ֖י) and dvn (אדוני), and the name Yahweh (יְהוָ֥ה) and Yhwh (יהוה) are concerned. These two sets of terms are synonymous, with 'adonoi (אֲדֹנָ֖י) and dvn (אדוני) being two ways of spelling the Aramaic and Hebrew term 'my lord,' and Yahweh (יְהוָ֥ה) and Yhwh (יהוה) both being the Hebrew spelling of the name of the Jewish god, however, these terms are not used in the Masoretic Texts and the Dead Sea Scrolls in the same places. Meaning, where the Masoretic Texts reads reads 'adonoi,' the Dead Sea Scrolls may read 'dvn' or 'Yhwh,' and in places where the Masoretic Texts reads 'Yahweh,' the Dead Sea Scrolls may again read either 'dvn' or 'Yhwh.' This is most evident in Dead Sea Scroll 4QLama, in which a large amount of the text of chapters 1 and 2 survive, as these terms are more common in those chapters. As all of the fragments of Eykhoh / Lamentations found among the Dead Sea Scrolls date to the Herodian Dynasty, it seems clear that at that time, Yahweh was considered 'Lord' among Jews, however, there is no evidence of the name being in the text that the Greeks translated a couple of centuries earlier at the Library of Alexandria. The Septuagint does include the name Yahweh, as Iaw (Ἰαω), derived from the Aramaic Yhw, in some early fragments, however, there is no evidence that it was used in the text that the Greeks translated Lamentations from.

Author : Scriptural Research Institute
Publisher : Scriptural Research Institute
ISBN 13 : 1989852505
Total Pages : 54 pages
Book Rating : 4.07/5 ( download)

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Download or read book Septuagint: Habakkuk written by Scriptural Research Institute and published by Scriptural Research Institute. This book was released on 2020-08-08 with total page 54 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Book of Habakkuk is generally considered one of the older surviving books of the Hebrew Scriptures, with most scholars dating it to before the Torah was written, or at least heavily redacted in the time of King Josiah. Most scholars accept that Habakkuk was written by a prophet called Habakkuk around 612 BC, however, virtually nothing is known about him. He was also in the Septuagint's Book of Daniel, however, was cut from the Masoretic version. In the Septuagint's Book of Daniel, Habakkuk was carried by an angel to Babylon to help Daniel, which, although the text was cut from the Masoretic version has influenced the view of Habakkuk's life. His world was very different from the later Kingdom of Judea that emerged in the 2nd-century BC, as the Israelites of his time were still polytheistic, worshiping the Canaanite gods, as well as statues of Iaw (Masoretic Yahweh), the God the Jews and Samaritans would later worship. The Book of Habakkuk is considered unique among the books of the bible, as Habakkuk openly questions his Lord's actions, which in the Masoretic version of the book, means he is questioning God. In the Septuagint's version, his Lord was differentiated from God, and prior to the Hasmonean redaction, appears to have been Qetesh, which was the title of Asherah, the wife of El and mother of Yahweh in the early Israelite religion. Habakkuk describes the rise of the Chaldeans, who, at the time ruled Babylon, and this is accepted as a reference to the rise of the Neo-Babylonian Empire. The Neo-Babylonian empire rose as the Neo-Assyrian empire collapsed, beginning with the revolt of Babylon in 626 BC, and the coronation of Nabopolassar as the king of independent Babylon. In 612 BC, the combined forces of Babylon, the Persians, Medes, and Scythians laid waste to Nineveh, effectively ending the Neo-Assyrian Empire. This is the era that Habakkuk's life is generally dated to, as the Chaldeans (Babylon) was rising, however, this is not the only era suggested. The battles between the Babylonians and the remnants of the Assyrian forces, continued until the Babylonians captured Haran in 609 BC, and their war against the Assyrians ally, Egypt, continued until the Battle of Carchemish in 605 BC when the Babylonians effectively defeated the Egyptians. After 605 BC, the Babylonians dominated Mesopotamia, Syria, and Samaria as far south as the border of Egypt, while the small Kingdom of Judah remained effectively landlocked between Babylonian-occupied Samaria, Amman, Moab, and Edom. In the decades that followed, the Babylonians occupied these smaller kingdoms, destroying the city of Jerusalem in 587 BC, and took the leaders of Judah to Babylonia, where they remained until the Neo-Babylonian empire fell to the Persians decades later.

Author : Scriptural Research Institute
Publisher : Scriptural Research Institute
ISBN 13 : 1990289010
Total Pages : 46 pages
Book Rating : 4.19/5 ( download)

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Download or read book Septuagint: Baruch written by Scriptural Research Institute and published by Scriptural Research Institute. This book was released on 1901 with total page 46 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Book of Baruch was likely added to the Septuagint sometime before 165 BC, as it does not appear to have been influenced by the Hasmonean redaction found in the Masoretic Texts and the Dead Sea Scrolls. It was ignored entirely by Simon the Zealot, likely because there was no way to get around the fact that Baruch’s God was the Sun. While Baruch agrees with Jeremiah, that child sacrifice was wrong, they do not worship the same god. In his letter to the Moabites, Jeremiah refers to the god Baitylos (Βαιθηλ / בֵּ֥ית אֵ֖ל) as the god that the Israelites had put falsely their faith in, as the Moabites had placed their faith in Chomesh. This letter had to have been written after the destruction of Jerusalem, either in Judah, before the survivors took refuge in Egypt, or in Egypt. Based on the words of Jeremiah, in chapter 31 (Masoretic 48), it appears that Baitylos was the supreme god of the Samaritans before the Assyrians conquered them. However, Baruch, writing five years after the destruction of Jerusalem, praises Baitylos, and describes the Sun, which he then states is their God. This is the old religion that had been banned by Josiah. Baitylos is a variant of the name of the god Bethel, generally used to distinguish him from the town that Jacob named after him. Baitylos was widely worshiped in Canaan during the New Kingdom era, when Egypt ruled the land, and the centuries that followed. Shrines to Baitylos have been found at meteorite impact site across Canaan, Anatolia, and the Aegean, suggesting a widespread cult in the late-Bronze Age. The worship of Baitylos continued throughout the Phoenician territories even after the Romans had conquered them, and was denounced by the Christian theologian Augustine of Hippo in the early-5th century AD.

Author : Scriptural Research Institute
Publisher : Scriptural Research Institute
ISBN 13 : 1989852637
Total Pages : 36 pages
Book Rating : 4.37/5 ( download)

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Download or read book Septuagint: Malachi written by Scriptural Research Institute and published by Scriptural Research Institute. This book was released on 2020-09-02 with total page 36 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Book of Malachi is the most curious and debated of the Books of the Twelve minor prophets, as the name Malachi (מלאכי) simply means 'angelic' in Hebrew, and the Greek translation used the word angel (ἀγγέλου) in the Septuagint. Most Jewish and Christian denominations do treat the word as the name of a prophet, however, the prophet Malachi was never mentioned by any other prophet or Ezra the scribe, and therefore some denominations consider the Book of Malachi to be an anonymous work, with the word Malachi simply referring to the angel of the lord. Early Jewish records from the late Persian era indicate that the Jews at the time considered the book of Malachi to have been written by Ezra the scribe, however, by the Greek era, the book was no longer attributed to Ezra. The date the book was written is also a matter of debate, as the book does not include any of the usual references to the political situation. Malachi does include two references that can be used to date the work, however, are generally ignored by scholars as they both date the book to the early 800s BC. The clearest reference was the prediction in chapter 4: "Look, I will send to you Elijah the Tishbite..." Elijah the Tishbite was the prophet Elijah from 3rd and 4th Kingdoms (Masoretic Kings), and 2nd Paralipomenon (Masoretic Diḇrê Hayyāmîm) whose live is dated to between 900 and 849 BC. The second reference is the general description of the state of Edom, which is described as having been defeated by the Judaeans. This matches the political reality of Elijah's time, when Edom was subject to the Kingdom of Judah, between 930 and 870 BC. Edom was a kingdom southeast of Judah from at least the 1200s BC until 125 BC when the Hasmonean dynasty conquered the kingdom. Edom was recorded as being a dependency of the Kingdom of Judah between 930 and 870 BC, but then rebelled against Judah, and does not appear to have been conquered outright by the Judeans again until the Hasmonean dynasty. These two references indicate the Book of Malachi was written between circa 880 and 870 BC, at the same time as the Book of Shadrach, which is embedded within the Book of Zachariah.

Author : Scriptural Research Institute
Publisher : Scriptural Research Institute
ISBN 13 : 1989852440
Total Pages : 39 pages
Book Rating : 4.46/5 ( download)

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Download or read book Septuagint: Micah written by Scriptural Research Institute and published by Scriptural Research Institute. This book was released on 2020-07-25 with total page 39 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Book of Micah is generally considered one of the older surviving books of the Hebrew Scriptures, with most scholars dating it to before the Torah was compiled, or at least heavily redacted in the time of King Josiah. Most scholars accept that Micah was written by a prophet called Micah between 737 and 969 BC, who was most likely from the town of Moresheth in the Kingdom of Judea or the city-state of Gath, in the modern Palestinian West Bank. His world was very different from the later Kingdom of Judea that emerged in the 2nd-century BC, as the Israelites of his time were still polytheistic, worshiping the Canaanite Elohim, as well as statues of Iaw (Masoretic Yahweh), the God the Jews and Samaritans would later worship. The Book of Micah is believed to have been translated into Greek around 180 BC with other Twelve Prophets, however, there is a significant difference between the Septuagint's and Masoretic version of the Book of Micah. The Masoretic Version is the Book of Micah which copied by a group of Jewish scribes called the Masorites between 400 and 1000 AD. The major difference between the Books of Micah is the god that Amos was the prophet of. The Masoretic version refers to his god as Iaw (Yahweh) Sabaoth, however, the Septuagint's version of Micah does not mention Iaw Sabaoth, instead, referring to God as Lord God (κύριος ὁ θεὸς), or the Lord Almighty (κύριος ὁ παντοκράτωρ) which in the Septuagint's Book of Job was a translation of Shaddai. In the Septuagint, Micah's god was repeatedly named as 'Lord God' (κύριος ὁ θεὸς), which translated back into Hebrew would be 'Ba'al El,' and once Lord Almighty (κύριος ὁ παντοκράτωρ), which translated back into Hebrew would be 'Ba'al Shaddai.' The term pantocratôr (παντοκράτωρ) was the translation used in other books of the Septuagint for Shaddai (שדי). For example, the Book of Job, which was translated into Greek between 190 and 180 BC, the names Shaddi shows up 33 times in the Masoretic Texts and is translated as Almighty (παντοκράτωρ) in the Septuagint.