Models Of Discovery And Other Topics In The Methods Of Science

Author : Herbert A. Simon
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 9401095213
Total Pages : 471 pages
Book Rating : 4.11/5 ( download)

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Download or read book Models of Discovery written by Herbert A. Simon and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 471 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: We respect Herbert A. Simon as an established leader of empirical and logical analysis in the human sciences while we happily think of him as also the loner; of course he works with many colleagues but none can match him. He has been writing fruitfully and steadily for four decades in many fields, among them psychology, logic, decision theory, economics, computer science, management, production engineering, information and control theory, operations research, confirmation theory, and we must have omitted several. With all of them, he is at once the technical scientist and the philosophical critic and analyst. When writing of decisions and actions, he is at the interface of philosophy of science, decision theory, philosophy of the specific social sciences, and inventory theory (itself, for him, at the interface of economic theory, production engineering and information theory). When writing on causality, he is at the interface of methodology, metaphysics, logic and philosophy of physics, systems theory, and so on. Not that the interdisciplinary is his orthodoxy; we are delighted that he has chosen to include in this book both his early and little-appreciated treatment of straightforward philosophy of physics - the axioms of Newtonian mechanics, and also his fine papers on pure confirmation theory.

Author : Herbert Alexander Simon
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9789027708588
Total Pages : 456 pages
Book Rating : 4.84/5 ( download)

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Download or read book Models of Discovery written by Herbert Alexander Simon and published by . This book was released on 1977 with total page 456 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In these essays, the author attacks the central problems in the philosophy of science from the viewpoint of a working scientist who relates the philosophical questions to methodological issues that have arisen in his own research. The essays deal with six main topics: the validation of hypotheses, the logic of causal ordering and its relation to the definability and identifiability of theoretical terms, the logic of imperatives and decisions, the structure of complex systems, the theory of scientific discovery, and the axiomization of scientific theories. He treats these topics in a unified way by employing the analytic tools of model theory and by putting the discovery of theories, rather than their testing, at the center of the stage. Questions surrounding the axiomization of theories are examined in the light of real examples (Newtonian mechanics and Ohm's law) rather than simplified, hypothetical ones. Formalisms are not avoided, but they are always used as a means and not as ends in themselves.--

Author : L. Magnani
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1461548136
Total Pages : 339 pages
Book Rating : 4.33/5 ( download)

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Download or read book Model-Based Reasoning in Scientific Discovery written by L. Magnani and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 339 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The volume is based on the papers that were presented at the Interna tional Conference Model-Based Reasoning in Scientific Discovery (MBR'98), held at the Collegio Ghislieri, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy, in December 1998. The papers explore how scientific thinking uses models and explanatory reasoning to produce creative changes in theories and concepts. The study of diagnostic, visual, spatial, analogical, and temporal rea soning has demonstrated that there are many ways of performing intelligent and creative reasoning that cannot be described with the help only of tradi tional notions of reasoning such as classical logic. Traditional accounts of scientific reasoning have restricted the notion of reasoning primarily to de ductive and inductive arguments. Understanding the contribution of model ing practices to discovery and conceptual change in science requires ex panding scientific reasoning to include complex forms of creative reasoning that are not always successful and can lead to incorrect solutions. The study of these heuristic ways of reasoning is situated at the crossroads of philoso phy, artificial intelligence, cognitive psychology, and logic; that is, at the heart of cognitive science. There are several key ingredients common to the various forms of model based reasoning to be considered in this book. The models are intended as in terpretations of target physical systems, processes, phenomena, or situations. The models are retrieved or constructed on the basis of potentially satisfying salient constraints of the target domain.

Author : Mark Addis
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3030237699
Total Pages : 192 pages
Book Rating : 4.91/5 ( download)

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Download or read book Scientific Discovery in the Social Sciences written by Mark Addis and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2019-09-12 with total page 192 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume offers selected papers exploring issues arising from scientific discovery in the social sciences. It features a range of disciplines including behavioural sciences, computer science, finance, and statistics with an emphasis on philosophy. The first of the three parts examines methods of social scientific discovery. Chapters investigate the nature of causal analysis, philosophical issues around scale development in behavioural science research, imagination in social scientific practice, and relationships between paradigms of inquiry and scientific fraud. The next part considers the practice of social science discovery. Chapters discuss the lack of genuine scientific discovery in finance where hypotheses concern the cheapness of securities, the logic of scientific discovery in macroeconomics, and the nature of that what discovery with the Solidarity movement as a case study. The final part covers formalising theories in social science. Chapters analyse the abstract model theory of institutions as a way of representing the structure of scientific theories, the semi-automatic generation of cognitive science theories, and computational process models in the social sciences. The volume offers a unique perspective on scientific discovery in the social sciences. It will engage scholars and students with a multidisciplinary interest in the philosophy of science and social science.

Author : Michael Nielsen
Publisher : Princeton University Press
ISBN 13 : 0691202842
Total Pages : 272 pages
Book Rating : 4.46/5 ( download)

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Download or read book Reinventing Discovery written by Michael Nielsen and published by Princeton University Press. This book was released on 2020-04-07 with total page 272 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Reinventing Discovery argues that we are in the early days of the most dramatic change in how science is done in more than 300 years. This change is being driven by new online tools, which are transforming and radically accelerating scientific discovery"--

Author : Herbert A. Simon
Publisher : MIT Press
ISBN 13 : 0262537532
Total Pages : 256 pages
Book Rating : 4.37/5 ( download)

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Download or read book The Sciences of the Artificial, reissue of the third edition with a new introduction by John Laird written by Herbert A. Simon and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 2019-08-13 with total page 256 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Herbert Simon's classic work on artificial intelligence in the expanded and updated third edition from 1996, with a new introduction by John E. Laird. Herbert Simon's classic and influential The Sciences of the Artificial declares definitively that there can be a science not only of natural phenomena but also of what is artificial. Exploring the commonalities of artificial systems, including economic systems, the business firm, artificial intelligence, complex engineering projects, and social plans, Simon argues that designed systems are a valid field of study, and he proposes a science of design. For this third edition, originally published in 1996, Simon added new material that takes into account advances in cognitive psychology and the science of design while confirming and extending the book's basic thesis: that a physical symbol system has the necessary and sufficient means for intelligent action. Simon won the Nobel Prize for Economics in 1978 for his research into the decision-making process within economic organizations and the Turing Award (considered by some the computer science equivalent to the Nobel) with Allen Newell in 1975 for contributions to artificial intelligence, the psychology of human cognition, and list processing. The Sciences of the Artificial distills the essence of Simon's thought accessibly and coherently. This reissue of the third edition makes a pioneering work available to a new audience.

Author : Lorenzo Magnani
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 364237428X
Total Pages : 633 pages
Book Rating : 4.89/5 ( download)

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Download or read book Model-Based Reasoning in Science and Technology written by Lorenzo Magnani and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-08-31 with total page 633 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book contains contributions presented during the international conference on Model-Based Reasoning (MBR ́012), held on June 21-23 in Sestri Levante, Italy. Interdisciplinary researchers discuss in this volume how scientific cognition and other kinds of cognition make use of models, abduction, and explanatory reasoning in order to produce important or creative changes in theories and concepts. Some of the contributions analyzed the problem of model-based reasoning in technology and stressed the issues of scientific and technological innovation. The book is divided in three main parts: models, mental models, representations; abduction, problem solving and practical reasoning; historical, epistemological and technological issues. The volume is based on the papers that were presented at the international

Author : Igor Hanzel
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 9401732655
Total Pages : 237 pages
Book Rating : 4.59/5 ( download)

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Download or read book The Concept of Scientific Law in the Philosophy of Science and Epistemology written by Igor Hanzel and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-03-14 with total page 237 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The author argues that a reconstruction of scientific laws should give an account of laws relating phenomena to underlying mechanisms generating them, as well as of laws relating this mechanism to its inherent capacities. While contemporary philosophy of science deals only with the former, the author provides the concept for the reconstruction of scientific laws, where the knowledge of the phenomena enables one to grasp the quantity of their cause. He then provides the concepts for scientific laws dealing with the relation of the quantity and quality of the cause underlying phenomena to the quality and quantity of its capacities. Finally, he provides concepts for scientific laws expressing how a certain cause, due to the quantity and quality of its capacities, generates the quantitative and qualitative determinations of its manifestations. The book is intended for philosophers of science and philosophers of social science, as well as for natural and social scientists.

Author : R. Hooykaas
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 9401592950
Total Pages : 467 pages
Book Rating : 4.56/5 ( download)

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Download or read book Fact, Faith and Fiction in the Development of Science written by R. Hooykaas and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-06-29 with total page 467 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this posthumous book, the late Professor R. Hooykaas (1906-1994) conveys a lifetime of historical thought about modes of scientific advance over the centuries. In what variety of ways has the human mind, with all its subjectivity and its capacity for self-deception, but also its piercing gifts of discovery, managed to come to terms with `the whimsical tricks of nature'? Central to this erudite, penetrating, and widely ranging study is Hooykaas's distinction between facts (given by nature yet entirely subject to our mode of interpreting them), faith (broad conceptions like the idea of order, of simplicity, or of harmony), and fictions in the sense of those daring intellectual tools, such as theories and hypotheses and models, which reflect the scientist's creative imagination. Case studies drawn from the history of all branches of science (including chemistry and the earth sciences) and from Antiquity to the present day, serve to widen and to deepen the understanding of every reader (whether a historian of science or not) with a desire to learn more about the realities of the scientific pursuit.

Author : D. Ginev
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 9401709610
Total Pages : 248 pages
Book Rating : 4.13/5 ( download)

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Download or read book Bulgarian Studies in the Philosophy of Science written by D. Ginev and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-06-29 with total page 248 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume attempts to provide a new articulation of issues surrounding scientific realism, scientific rationality, the epistemology of non-classical physics, the type of revolutionary changes in the development of science, the naturalization of epistemology within frameworks of cognitive science and structural linguistics, models of the information technology revolution, and reconstructions of early modern logical systems.