Bone Histology Of Fossil Tetrapods

Author : Kevin Padian
Publisher : Univ of California Press
ISBN 13 : 0520273524
Total Pages : 298 pages
Book Rating : 4.28/5 ( download)

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Download or read book Bone Histology of Fossil Tetrapods written by Kevin Padian and published by Univ of California Press. This book was released on 2013-03-19 with total page 298 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The microscopic examination of fossilized bone tissue is a sophisticated and increasingly important analytical tool for understanding the life history of ancient organisms. This book provides an essential primer and manual for using fossil bone histology to investigate the biology of extinct tetrapods. Twelve experts summarize advances in the field over the past three decades, reviewing fundamental basics of bone microanatomy and physiology. Research specimen selection, thin-section preparation, and data analysis are addressed in detail. The authors also outline methods and issues in bone growth rate calculation and chronological age determination, as well as how to examine broader questions of behavior, ecology, and evolution by studying the microstructure of bone.

Author : Vivian de Buffrénil
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1351189573
Total Pages : 1882 pages
Book Rating : 4.76/5 ( download)

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Download or read book Vertebrate Skeletal Histology and Paleohistology written by Vivian de Buffrénil and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2021-06-24 with total page 1882 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Vertebrate Skeletal Histology and Paleohistology summarizes decades of research into the biology and biological meaning of hard tissues, in both living and extinct vertebrates. In addition to outlining anatomical diversity, it provides fundamental phylogenetic and evolutionary contexts for interpretation. An international team of leading authorities review the impact of ontogeny, mechanics, and environment in relation to bone and dental tissues. Synthesizing current advances in the biological problems of growth, metabolism, evolution, ecology, and behavior, this comprehensive and authoritative volume is built upon a foundation of concepts and technology generated over the past fifty years.

Author : Kevin Padian
Publisher : Univ of California Press
ISBN 13 : 0520955110
Total Pages : 298 pages
Book Rating : 4.10/5 ( download)

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Download or read book Bone Histology of Fossil Tetrapods written by Kevin Padian and published by Univ of California Press. This book was released on 2013-03-19 with total page 298 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The microscopic examination of fossilized bone tissue is a sophisticated and increasingly important analytical tool for understanding the life history of ancient organisms. This book provides an essential primer and manual for using fossil bone histology to investigate the biology of extinct tetrapods. Twelve experts summarize advances in the field over the past three decades, reviewing fundamental basics of bone microanatomy and physiology. Research specimen selection, thin-section preparation, and data analysis are addressed in detail. The authors also outline methods and issues in bone growth rate calculation and chronological age determination, as well as how to examine broader questions of behavior, ecology, and evolution by studying the microstructure of bone.

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.58/5 ( download)

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Download or read book Study of the Structure of Some Bone Tissue in Fossil and Recent Tetrapods written by and published by . This book was released on 1922 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Author : Anusuya Chinsamy-Turan
Publisher : Indiana University Press
ISBN 13 : 0253005337
Total Pages : 374 pages
Book Rating : 4.35/5 ( download)

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Download or read book Forerunners of Mammals written by Anusuya Chinsamy-Turan and published by Indiana University Press. This book was released on 2011-11-18 with total page 374 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An in-depth look at the origin and evolutionary radiation of the synapsids. About 320 million years ago a group of reptiles known as the synapsids emerged and forever changed Earth’s ecological landscapes. This book discusses the origin and radiation of the synapsids from their sail-backed pelycosaur ancestor to their diverse descendants, the therapsids or mammal-like reptiles, that eventually gave rise to mammals. It further showcases the remarkable evolutionary history of the synapsids in the Karoo Basin of South Africa and the environments that existed at the time. By highlighting studies of synapsid bone microstructure, it offers a unique perspective of how such studies are utilized to reconstruct various aspects of biology, such as growth dynamics, biomechanical function, and the attainment of sexual and skeletal maturity. A series of chapters outline the radiation and phylogenetic relationships of major synapsid lineages and provide direct insight into how bone histological analyses have led to an appreciation of these enigmatic animals as once-living creatures. The penultimate chapter examines the early radiation of mammals from their nonmammalian cynodont ancestors, and the book concludes by engaging the intriguing question of when and where endothermy evolved among the therapsids. “Ever since Nick Hotton’s book from the 1980s we have needed an update on the biology of therapsids, and it has been Anusuya Chinsamy-Turan and her students and associates who through their bone histological work have made the greatest progress in this field.” —Martin Sander, Steinmann Institute, University of Bonn “Forerunners of Mammals is full of meticulous detail . . . [I]t also contains a number of excellently rendered illustrations of some of the animals covered in the book, and the final chapter is a discussion of the evolution of endothermy that anyone with a background in biology might find of interest. . . . Recommended.” —Choice “Forerunners of Mammals will take interested readers beyond the classic jaw-to-ear appreciation of therapsids, towards a deeper appreciation of the ancestry of mammals.” —Journal of Mammalian Evolution “This volume represents a state-of-the-art contribution to our understanding of the paleobiology of how mammals arose, and what factors contributed to their evolutionary radiation and eventual success. It is highly recommended for anyone interested in these topics, and will be accessible to readers with minimal background in bone histology and synapsid paleontology.” —Quarterly Review of Biology

Author : Sarah Anne Werning
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 453 pages
Book Rating : 4.22/5 ( download)

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Download or read book Evolution of Bone Histological Characters in Amniotes, and the Implications for the Evolution of Growth and Metabolism written by Sarah Anne Werning and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 453 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Histological studies have established relationships between the microstructural features of bone, the growth rates of primary cortical bone, and whole-body growth rates of the animal. For animals of a given body size, the density and connectivity of vascular canals and the disorganization of collagen fibers increase with the rate of bone deposition, and osteocyte density is positively correlated with metabolic rate. I first review and refine several methods to improve the quantification of growth-related patterns in fossil bone tissue, focusing on specific microstructural characters known to correlate with growth and metabolic rates in living tetrapods. The most critical histological indicator of growth, the rate of bone deposition, is rarely reported in fossil studies. However, zonal area and average zonal width directly measure annual deposition, and can be used to bracket daily deposition rates. Estimating bone tissue growth based on vascularization pattern ("Amprino's Rule") likely confounds three separate vascular signals: density, connectivity, and orientation/patterning. I discuss ways to measure these separately, using qualitative and quantitative means. Collagen fiber orientation, a sensitive indicator of bone deposition rate that may resolve seasonal shifts, is sometimes obscured in fossils by diagenetic alteration. Patterns of osteocyte organization and orientation, more than cell shape, are highly associated with fiber orientation and may be more appropriate proxies. Osteocyte and canal density, not typically reported in paleohistological studies, are easily measured using digital boxplots along radial transects through the cortex. These measures suggest the possibility of more useful quantification of osteohistological indicators as proxies for growth and metabolic rates in extinct and extant vertebrates. I next investigate the origins of avian growth rates. Birds grow much faster than other extant reptiles, a trait that is reflected in the appearance of their bone microstructure. However, some of these traits are shared by their dinosaurian ancestors, and it is not known when this condition first evolved. I expand the histological database of archosaurs and their ancestors to include early archosauromorphs, pseudosuchians, and dinosauromorphs. By sampling through deep time and in taxa whose character states are not represented among living animals, I show that the avian histological features associated with faster growth and higher metabolic rates evolved not among birds or dinosaurs, but earlier than the common ancestor of birds and crocodylians. Most of these character changes accumulated in a short segment of the archosauriform tree before the end of the Triassic. Finally, I examine histological patterns of growth in marsupial mammals. Among extant mammals, the bone tissue of placentals has been fairly well characterized, and is known to vary with size and ecology. Comparative data on marsupials, however, are lacking. I sampled the mid-diaphyseal femora of more than 50 extant and extinct marsupial species, as well as some afrotherian, xenarthran, and laurasiatherian placentals. My marsupial sample encompasses all extant orders, spans a 10 g-2500 kg size range, and comprises mainly wild-caught animals. The main factors influencing marsupial bone microstructure are life history and body size. The histological differences resulting from body size are subtle, occur gradually, and hold across six of the seven extant orders. The uniformity of marsupial bone histology reflects uniformity of their life history, especially related to the ontogeny of growth rates. Across all body sizes, marsupials share a common ontogeny: they are extremely altricial, experience their time of fastest growth at or just prior to weaning, and then continue to grow at lower rates for an extended period relative to their lifespan. Among placental mammals, histological variability likely reflects greater diversity in the ontogeny of growth rates. It is likely that sampling biases have obscured both size and phylogenetic signals in the distribution of mammalian bone growth patterns. By incorporating natural history and life history, the fossil record and the modern record, the study of bone microstructure can facilitate a much richer understanding of growth at the organismal level, and the evolution of growth strategies at higher levels.

Author : Frederick R. Schram
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0195365763
Total Pages : 873 pages
Book Rating : 4.64/5 ( download)

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Download or read book Evolution and Phylogeny of Pancrustacea written by Frederick R. Schram and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2021 with total page 873 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "As a young and impetuous gradate student, I thought that sorting out the phylogeny of crustaceans would simply take but a little time and concerted effort to eventually reveal the truth. Everyone could then agree and further research would proceed apace. How naïve I was. First of all, I had never heard of Kurt Gödel's incompleteness theorems and hence the impossibility of achieving such an end. But even so, what progress we might have made turned out to take longer than anyone could have imagined, and the effort would be immense involving many people and a number of laboratories-and that task still continues. What no one could foresee in the 1960s was that the focus of everyone's attentions would completely transform. Traditional pure anatomy would be augmented with more sophisticated developmental genetic work. Concurrent with that effort molecular sequencing would become a remarkably effective tool. And with these new sources of data, the concept of "crustaceans" would yield to a new construct-Pancrustacea-within which the arthropods that we referred to by the name of "Crustacea" became a series of monophyletic smaller groups that mark a paraphyletic transition from a mandibulate ancestor all the way up to a crown group that few in the 1960s expected-Hexapoda emerged within the pancrustaceans"--

Author : Zerina Johanson
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1107179440
Total Pages : 283 pages
Book Rating : 4.48/5 ( download)

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Download or read book Evolution and Development of Fishes written by Zerina Johanson and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2019-01-10 with total page 283 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: World-class palaeontologists and biologists summarise the state-of-the-art on fish evolution and development.

Author : Nichole Klein
Publisher : Indiana University Press
ISBN 13 : 0253013550
Total Pages : 369 pages
Book Rating : 4.52/5 ( download)

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Download or read book Biology of the Sauropod Dinosaurs written by Nichole Klein and published by Indiana University Press. This book was released on 2011-04-22 with total page 369 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Sauropods, those huge plant-eating dinosaurs, possessed bodies that seem to defy every natural law. What were these creatures like as living animals and how could they reach such uniquely gigantic sizes? A dedicated group of researchers in Germany in disciplines ranging from engineering and materials science to animal nutrition and paleontology went in search of the answers to these questions. Biology of the Sauropod Dinosaurs reports on the latest results from this seemingly disparate group of research fields and integrates them into a coherent theory regarding sauropod gigantism. Covering nutrition, physiology, growth, and skeletal structure and body plans, this volume presents the most up-to-date knowledge about the biology of these enormous dinosaurs.

Author : Carole T. Gee
Publisher : JHU Press
ISBN 13 : 1421440229
Total Pages : 303 pages
Book Rating : 4.24/5 ( download)

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Download or read book Fossilization written by Carole T. Gee and published by JHU Press. This book was released on 2021-03-30 with total page 303 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An in-depth look at the latest breakthroughs in our understanding of the material record that deep time leaves behind. Understanding the complex interplay of physical and chemical processes leading to fossilization is crucial to elucidating the 3800 million years of life on earth. And yet, the process of fossilization also leads to the loss of pivotal biological information, placing constraints on the very same understanding of ancient life it preserves. Over the last decade, however, remarkable advances in approaches, techniques, tools, and instrumentation have helped scientists to transcend these constraints by enabling high-resolution analysis of fossil material—even down to the nanoscale. Fossilization provides a critical look at these cutting-edge innovations in the science of fossil preservation and provides a road map for future research. Drawing from the fields of paleontology, organic and inorganic chemistry, microbiology, and high-resolution imaging and analysis, and spanning the diversity of life from plants to vertebrates and invertebrates, this resource details expert findings on • fossilization of hard and soft part tissues in dinosaurs • high-resolution chemical analysis of organic and inorganic tissues • arthropods preserved in amber • experimental silicification of wood • chemical defenses and color in fossil plants • confocal Raman spectroscopy • microprobe analysis • radioisotopic studies • and much more A true interdisciplinary undertaking, the book is authored by paleontologists, mineralogists, geochemists, organic chemists, microbiologists, and materials scientists who have worked together to investigate questions around substance fossilization and the limits of the fossil record. A special color section contains SEM, Raman, and other striking images of vertebrates, invertebrates, and plants. Fossilization is a trailblazing reference book for research scientists and specialists in related fields, as well as for advanced undergraduates and graduate students interested in fossilization, emerging research techniques, and fresh approaches in the analysis of plant and animal fossils. Contributors: H. Jonas Barthel, Aurore Canoville, Carole T. Gee, Thorsten Geisler, Jens Götze, Conrad C. Labandeira, Sashima Läbe, Moritz Liesegang, Victoria E. McCoy, Martina Menneken, Jes Rust, P. Martin Sander, Frank Tomaschek, Torsten Wappler, Kayleigh Wiersma, Tzu-Ruei Yang