Autonomous Weapon Systems And The Law Of Armed Conflict

Author : Tim McFarland
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1108603718
Total Pages : 195 pages
Book Rating : 4.13/5 ( download)

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Download or read book Autonomous Weapon Systems and the Law of Armed Conflict written by Tim McFarland and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2020-07-09 with total page 195 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: For policymakers, this book explains the ramifications under international humanitarian law of a major new field of weapon development with a focus on questions currently being debated by governments, the United Nations and other bodies. Based on a clear explanation of the principles of autonomous systems and a survey of technologies under active development as well as some that are in use today, it provides a thorough legal analysis grounded on a clear understanding of the technological realities of autonomous weapon systems. For legal practitioners and scholars, it describes the legal constraints that will apply to use of autonomous systems in armed conflict and the measures that will be needed to ensure that the efficacy of the law is maintained. More generally, it serves as a case study in identifying the legal consequences of use of autonomous systems in partnership with, or in place of, human beings.

Author : Tim McFarland
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1108499740
Total Pages : 195 pages
Book Rating : 4.43/5 ( download)

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Download or read book Autonomous Weapon Systems and the Law of Armed Conflict written by Tim McFarland and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2020-07-09 with total page 195 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A close examination of the interface between autonomous technologies and the law with legal analysis grounded in technological realities.

Author : Afonso Seixas-Nunes
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1316514838
Total Pages : 287 pages
Book Rating : 4.32/5 ( download)

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Download or read book The Legality and Accountability of Autonomous Weapon Systems written by Afonso Seixas-Nunes and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2022-05-19 with total page 287 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A comprehensive definition of autonomous weapons systems and their operation and what happens when they cause violations of international law.

Author : Nehal Bhuta
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1107153565
Total Pages : 421 pages
Book Rating : 4.61/5 ( download)

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Download or read book Autonomous Weapons Systems written by Nehal Bhuta and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2016-09 with total page 421 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This examination of the implications and regulation of autonomous weapons systems combines contributions from law, robotics and philosophy.

Author : Mauri, Diego
Publisher : Edward Elgar Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1802207678
Total Pages : 304 pages
Book Rating : 4.75/5 ( download)

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Download or read book Autonomous Weapons Systems and the Protection of the Human Person written by Mauri, Diego and published by Edward Elgar Publishing. This book was released on 2022-05-24 with total page 304 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book aims to understand how public organizations adapt to and manage situations characterized by fluidity, ambiguity, complexity and unclear technologies, thus exploring public governance in times of turbulence.

Author : Jai Galliott
Publisher : Oxford University Press, USA
ISBN 13 : 0197546048
Total Pages : 321 pages
Book Rating : 4.48/5 ( download)

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Download or read book Lethal Autonomous Weapons written by Jai Galliott and published by Oxford University Press, USA. This book was released on 2021-01-19 with total page 321 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Because of the increasing use of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs, also commonly known as drones) in various military and para-military (i.e., CIA) settings, there has been increasing debate in the international community as to whether it is morally and ethically permissible to allow robots (flying or otherwise) the ability to decide when and where to take human life. In addition, there has been intense debate as to the legal aspects, particularly from a humanitarian law framework. In response to this growing international debate, the United States government released the Department of Defense (DoD) 3000.09 Directive (2011), which sets a policy for if and when autonomous weapons would be used in US military and para-military engagements. This US policy asserts that only "human-supervised autonomous weapon systems may be used to select and engage targets, with the exception of selecting humans as targets, for local defense ...". This statement implies that outside of defensive applications, autonomous weapons will not be allowed to independently select and then fire upon targets without explicit approval from a human supervising the autonomous weapon system. Such a control architecture is known as human supervisory control, where a human remotely supervises an automated system (Sheridan 1992). The defense caveat in this policy is needed because the United States currently uses highly automated systems for defensive purposes, e.g., Counter Rocket, Artillery, and Mortar (C-RAM) systems and Patriot anti-missile missiles. Due to the time-critical nature of such environments (e.g., soldiers sleeping in barracks within easy reach of insurgent shoulder-launched missiles), these automated defensive systems cannot rely upon a human supervisor for permission because of the short engagement times and the inherent human neuromuscular lag which means that even if a person is paying attention, there is approximately a half-second delay in hitting a firing button, which can mean the difference for life and death for the soldiers in the barracks. So as of now, no US UAV (or any robot) will be able to launch any kind of weapon in an offensive environment without human direction and approval. However, the 3000.09 Directive does contain a clause that allows for this possibility in the future. This caveat states that the development of a weapon system that independently decides to launch a weapon is possible but first must be approved by the Under Secretary of Defense for Policy (USD(P)); the Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition, Technology, and Logistics (USD(AT&L)); and the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. Not all stakeholders are happy with this policy that leaves the door open for what used to be considered science fiction. Many opponents of such uses of technologies call for either an outright ban on autonomous weaponized systems, or in some cases, autonomous systems in general (Human Rights Watch 2013, Future of Life Institute 2015, Chairperson of the Informal Meeting of Experts 2016). Such groups take the position that weapons systems should always be under "meaningful human control," but do not give a precise definition of what this means. One issue in this debate that often is overlooked is that autonomy is not a discrete state, rather it is a continuum, and various weapons with different levels of autonomy have been in the US inventory for some time. Because of these ambiguities, it is often hard to draw the line between automated and autonomous systems. Present-day UAVs use the very same guidance, navigation and control technology flown on commercial aircraft. Tomahawk missiles, which have been in the US inventory for more than 30 years, are highly automated weapons with accuracies of less than a meter. These offensive missiles can navigate by themselves with no GPS, thus exhibiting some autonomy by today's definitions. Global Hawk UAVs can find their way home and land on their own without any human intervention in the case of a communication failure. The growth of the civilian UAV market is also a critical consideration in the debate as to whether these technologies should be banned outright. There is a $144.38B industry emerging for the commercial use of drones in agricultural settings, cargo delivery, first response, commercial photography, and the entertainment industry (Adroit Market Research 2019) More than $100 billion has been spent on driverless car development (Eisenstein 2018) in the past 10 years and the autonomy used in driverless cars mirrors that inside autonomous weapons. So, it is an important distinction that UAVs are simply the platform for weapon delivery (autonomous or conventional), and that autonomous systems have many peaceful and commercial uses independent of military applications"--

Author : William H. Boothby
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0191044164
Total Pages : 450 pages
Book Rating : 4.68/5 ( download)

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Download or read book Weapons and the Law of Armed Conflict written by William H. Boothby and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2016-03-10 with total page 450 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Bringing together the law of armed conflict governing the use of weapons into a single volume, the fully updated Second Edition of Weapons and the Law of Armed Conflict interprets these rules and discusses the factors influencing future developments in weapons law. After relating the historical evolution of weapons law, the book discusses the important customary principles that are the foundation of the subject, and provides a condensed account of the law that exists on the use of weapons. The treaties and customary rules applying to particular categories of weapon are thereafter listed and explained article by article and rule by rule in a series of chapters. Having stated the law as it is, the book then explores the way in which this dynamic field of international law develops in the light of various influences. The legal review of weapons is discussed, both from the perspective of how such reviews should be undertaken and how such a system should be established. Having stated the law as it is, the book then investigates the way in which this dynamic field of international law develops in the light of various influences. In the final chapter, the prospects for future rule change are considered. This Second Edition includes a discussion of new treaty law on expanding bullets, the arms trade, and norms in relation to biological and chemical weapons. It also analyses the International Manuals on air and missile warfare law and on cyber warfare law, the challenges posed by 'lethal autonomous weapon systems', and developments in the field of information and telecommunications otherwise known as cyber activities.

Author : Eric Talbot Jensen
Publisher : Oxford University Press, USA
ISBN 13 : 0190915323
Total Pages : 409 pages
Book Rating : 4.22/5 ( download)

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Download or read book The Impact of Emerging Technologies on the Law of Armed Conflict written by Eric Talbot Jensen and published by Oxford University Press, USA. This book was released on 2019 with total page 409 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Emerging technologies have always played an important role in armed conflict. From the crossbow to cyber capabilities, technology that could be weaponized to create an advantage over an adversary has inevitably found its way into military arsenals for use in armed conflict. The weaponization of emerging technologies, however, raises challenging legal issues with respect to the law of armed conflict. As States continue to develop and exploit new technologies, how will the law of armed conflict address the use of these technologies on the battlefield? Is existing law sufficient to regulate new technologies, such as cyber capabilities, autonomous weapons systems, and artificial intelligence? Have emerging technologies fundamentally altered the way we should understand concepts such as law-of-war precautions and the principle of distinction? How can we ensure compliance and accountability in light of technological advancement? This volume of the Lieber Studies explores these critical questions while highlighting the legal challenges--and opportunities--presented by the use of emerging technologies on the battlefield.

Author : Dan Saxon
Publisher : University of Pennsylvania Press
ISBN 13 : 0812298187
Total Pages : 261 pages
Book Rating : 4.85/5 ( download)

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Download or read book Fighting Machines written by Dan Saxon and published by University of Pennsylvania Press. This book was released on 2021-12-03 with total page 261 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Lethal autonomous weapons are weapon systems that can select and destroy targets without intervention by a human operator. Fighting Machines explores the relationship between lethal autonomous weapons (LAWS), the concept of human dignity, and international law. Much of this analysis speaks to three fundamental and related problems: When a LAWS takes a human life, is that killing a violation of human dignity? Can states and non-state actors use LAWS in accordance with international law? And are there certain responsibilities of human decision-making during wartime that we should not delegate to machines? In the book, Dan Saxon argues that the use of LAWS to take human life constitutes a violation of human dignity. Rather than concentrating on the victims of the use of lethal force, Saxon instead focuses on the technology and relevant legal principles and rules to advance several propositions. First, as LAWS operate at increasingly greater speeds, their use will undermine the opportunities for, and the value of, human reasoning and judgment. Second, by transferring responsibility for reasoning and judgment about the use of lethal force to computer software, the use of LAWS violates the dignity of the soldiers, commanders, and law enforcement officers who historically have made such decisions, and, therefore, breaches international law. Third, weapon designs that facilitate teamwork between humans and autonomous systems are necessary to ensure that humans and LAWS can operate interdependently so that individuals can fulfil their obligations under international law—including the preservation of their own dignity—and ensure that human reasoning and judgment are available for cognitive functions better suited to humans than machines. Fighting Machines speaks to the fields of international humanitarian law, human rights, criminal law, and legal philosophy. It will also be of interest to non-lawyers, especially military officers, government policy makers, political scientists, and international relations scholars, as well as roboticists and ethicists.

Author : Natalia Jevglevskaja
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1108943721
Total Pages : 315 pages
Book Rating : 4.27/5 ( download)

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Download or read book International Law and Weapons Review written by Natalia Jevglevskaja and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2021-12-16 with total page 315 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: International law requires that, before any new weapon is developed, purchased or modified, the legality of its use must be determined. This book offers the first comprehensive and systemic analysis of the law mandating such assessments – Article 36 of the 1977 Additional Protocol I to the Geneva Conventions. Underpinned by empirical research, the book explores the challenges the weapons review authorities are facing when examining emerging military technology, such as autonomous weapons systems and (autonomous) cyber capabilities. It argues that Article 36 is sufficiently broad to cover a wide range of military systems and offers States the necessary flexibility to adopt a process that best suits their organisational demands. While sending a clear signal that law should not simply follow technological developments, but rather steer them, the provision has its limits, however, which are shaped and defined by the interpretative decisions made by States.