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Author : Merlinda D. Ingco
Publisher : World Bank Publications
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 68 pages
Book Rating : 4./5 ( download)
Download or read book Agricultural Trade Liberalization in the Uruguay Round written by Merlinda D. Ingco and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 1995 with total page 68 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : D. Merlinda Ingco
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.69/5 ( download)
Download or read book Agricultural Trade Liberalization in the Uruguay Round: One Step Forward, One Step Back? written by D. Merlinda Ingco and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: August 1995 After evaluating the Uruguay Round's impact on agriculture and border protection in the next decade, the author concludes that while there was significant reform of the rules - particularly the conversion of nontariff barriers into tariffs and the reduction and binding of all tariffs - in practice, trade will probably be liberalized less than expected. The objective of the Round was to reverse protectionism and remove trade distortions. This may not be achieved in practice, at least not until further reductions are carried out in future rounds of negotiations. The major exception to this conclusion is in high-income Asian countries, where protection for major commodities will be significantly reduced. The tariffication and binding of all tariffs on agricultural products represents a significant step forward. Liberalization is implicit because countries are prohhibited from arbitrarily raising tariffs to new higher levels. But many of the newly established tariffs are so high in many countries as to effectively prohibit trade. Patterns of liberalization vary considerably by commodity and by country. Generally, the extent of liberalization was diminished by binding tariffs to the base period of 1986-88, when border protection was at a high point. In most OECD countries, this was worsened by dirty tariffication: the new base tariffs offered even greater protection than the nontariff barriers they replaced. Even after the commitments to tariff reductions in the Round, the ad valorem measure of the final binding tariffs will remain higher than the average rate of protection in 1982-93. A number of developing countries in East Asia, Latin America, and the Middle East chose to lock in prior liberalization efforts on some products. But for most commodities, there will be little actual liberalization, since most developing countries chose to bind their tariffs at a maximum level. Even when countries reduced already-bound rates, bound tariffs remained significantly higher than current applied rates, giving countries the flexibility to raise tariffs later. The high level of bound tariffs may allow countries to apply variable tariffs below the bound level, thus failing to stabilize tariffs and improve market access. Moreover, the Round did not touch many of the worst distortions in developing countries, such as import subsidies, export taxes, state-trading monopolies, and domestic policies that implicitly tax agriculture.
Author : Merlinda Ingco
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 68 pages
Book Rating : 4.95/5 ( download)
Download or read book Agricultural Trade Liberalization in the Uruguay Round written by Merlinda Ingco and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 68 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: After evaluating the Uruguay Round's impact on agriculture and border protection in the next decade, the author concludes that while there was significant reform of the rules - particularly the conversion of nontariff barriers into tariffs and the reduction and binding of all tariffs - in practice, trade will probably be liberalized less than expected. The objective of the Round was to reverse protectionism and remove trade distortions. This may not be achieved in practice, at least not until further reductions are carried out in future rounds of negotiations. The major exception to this conclusion is in high-income Asian countries, where protection for major commodities will be significantly reduced. The tariffication and binding of all tariffs on agricultural products represents a significant step forward. Liberalization is implicit because countries are prohhibited from arbitrarily raising tariffs to new higher levels. But many of the newly established tariffs are so high in many countries as to effectively prohibit trade. Patterns of liberalization vary considerably by commodity and by country. Generally, the extent of liberalization was diminished by binding tariffs to the base period of 1986-88, when border protection was at a high point. In most OECD countries, this was worsened by quot;dirty tariffication:quot; the new base tariffs offered even greater protection than the nontariff barriers they replaced. Even after the commitments to tariff reductions in the Round, the ad valorem measure of the final binding tariffs will remain higher than the average rate of protection in 1982-93. A number of developing countries in East Asia, Latin America, and the Middle East chose to lock in prior liberalization efforts on some products. But for most commodities, there will be little actual liberalization, since most developing countries chose to bind their tariffs at a maximum level. Even when countries reduced already-bound rates, bound tariffs remained significantly higher than current applied rates, giving countries the flexibility to raise tariffs later. The high level of bound tariffs may allow countries to apply variable tariffs below the bound level, thus failing to stabilize tariffs and improve market access. Moreover, the Round did not touch many of the worst distortions in developing countries, such as import subsidies, export taxes, state-trading monopolies, and domestic policies that implicitly tax agriculture.
Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 199 pages
Book Rating : 4.04/5 ( download)
Download or read book AGRICULTURAL TRADE LIBERALIZATION IN THE URUGUAY ROUND: IMPLICATIONS FOR DEVELOPING COUNTRIES. written by and published by . This book was released on 1990 with total page 199 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : United States. General Accounting Office
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 44 pages
Book Rating : 4.63/5 ( download)
Download or read book Agricultural Trade Negotiations written by United States. General Accounting Office and published by . This book was released on 1988 with total page 44 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 246 pages
Book Rating : 4.05/5 ( download)
Download or read book Agricultural Trade Liberalization in the Uruguay Round written by and published by . This book was released on 1990 with total page 246 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Merlinda D. Ingco
Publisher : World Bank Publications
ISBN 13 : 9780821349861
Total Pages : 174 pages
Book Rating : 4.64/5 ( download)
Download or read book Agricultural Trade Liberalization in a New Trade Round written by Merlinda D. Ingco and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2001-01-01 with total page 174 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Annotation This collection highlights the main trade issues of importance to different regions of the world.
Author : United Nations Conference on Trade and Development
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 199 pages
Book Rating : 4.48/5 ( download)
Download or read book Agricultural Trade Liberalization in the Uruguay Round written by United Nations Conference on Trade and Development and published by . This book was released on 1990 with total page 199 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Irene Trela
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.37/5 ( download)
Download or read book Agricultural Trade Liberalization in the Uruguay Round written by Irene Trela and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Joseph F. Francois
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 30 pages
Book Rating : 4.92/5 ( download)
Download or read book The Multilateral Trade Agenda written by Joseph F. Francois and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page 30 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
